Echocardiography of the Aortic Root

Gramiak, Raymond; Shah, Pravin M.

doi:10.1097/00004424-196809000-00011

Cited by 869 publications

(358 citation statements)

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“…We have identified three such artifacts: (1) color "blooming," (2) increased maximum Doppler shifts, and (3) spectral ''bubble noise. "25 These artifacts are described in this paper along with their cause and possible remedy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies.

Forsberg

Liu

Burns

et al. 1994

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

201

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Intravenously injected ultrasonic contrast agents making use of encapsulated gas microbubbles have excellent clinical potential for both color and spectral Doppler studies. However, a number of artifacts are associated with sonographic contrast agent measurements. Three artifacts were identified: (1) color "blooming," (2) increased maximum Doppler shift, and (3) spectral "bubble noise." Experiments have been conducted with Albunex and Levovist. These agents were injected into rabbits and humans to allow the cause of the artifacts to be established. Color blooming occurs soon after the bolus injection and is seen as gray scale pixels changing to color display. This is caused by the increase in flow signal strength. The apparent increase in the maximum Doppler shift frequency is due to the limited dynamic range of the spectral display. Only signals above a certain threshold are visible. As the Doppler signal power is enhanced, the highest frequency visible also increases. Finally, very large excursions can sometimes be seen in the spectral display (bubble noise). These might be due to either the breakdown of microbubbles or individual very large bubbles. The color blooming and bubble noise artifacts are easily identifiable and will not influence diagnostic management. The increase in peak Doppler shifts is more troublesome as it prevents comparison of spectral parameters obtained before and after injection of contrast agent.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies.

Forsberg

Liu

Burns

et al. 1994

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

201

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“…[23] . 초음파 조영제는 선형 및 비선형 특성에 의하여 SNR을 높여주며, 이에 따라 내부 장기 와 혈관을 더 정확하게 진단할 수 있게 한다 [24] . 초음 비선형 성분을 영상화 하는 기법을 contrast harmonic imaging이라 하고 최근에는 그 사용이 증가하고 있다 [25]- [26] .…”

Section: 그러나 자기공명영상은 해상도는 매우 뛰어나지만 분자영상을 위하여 중요한 민감도가 핵의학 영상에 비하여 떨어진unclassified

Application and Prospects of Molecular Imaging

Choi¹,

Lee²

2014

Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology

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In this paper, we study to classify molecular imaging and applications to predict future. Molecular imaging in vivo at the cellular level and the molecular level changes taking place to be imaged, that is molecular cell biology and imaging technology combined with the development of the new field. Molecular imaging is used fluorescence, bioluminescence, SPECT, PET, MRI, Ultrasound and other imaging technologies. That is applied to monitoring of gene therapy, cell tracking and monitoring of cell therapy, antibody imaging, drug development, molecular interaction picture, the near-infrared fluorescence imaging of cancer using fluorescence, bacteria using tumor-targeting imaging, therapeutic early assessment, prediction and therapy.The future of molecular imaging would be developed through fused interdisciplinary research and mutual cooperation, which molecular cell biology, genetics, chemistry, physics, computer science, biomedical engineering, nuclear medicine, radiology, clinical medicine, etc. The advent of molecular imaging will be possible to early diagnosis and personalized treatment of disease in the future.

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“…It was only by accident that ultrasound contrast agents were discovered some decades ago during an intravenous injection of a saline solution [3]. The microbubbles contained in the solution scattered ultrasound highly efficiently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound contrast agents : dynamics of coated bubbles

Overvelde¹

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Echocardiography of the Aortic Root

Cited by 869 publications

References 0 publications

Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies.

Artifacts in ultrasonic contrast agent studies.

Application and Prospects of Molecular Imaging

Ultrasound contrast agents : dynamics of coated bubbles

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