Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: Effect of body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals

Misbach, Charlotte; Lefebvre, Henri; Concordet, Didier; Gouni, Vassiliki; Tréhiou-Sechi, Emilie; Petit, A; Damoiseaux, Cécile; Leverrier, Alice; Pouchelon, Jean‐Louis; Chetboul, Valérie

doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2014.03.001

Cited by 35 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Evaluation of cardiac health involves several echocardiographic measurements describing LV size, shape, and function (Dukes-McEwan et al 2003, Lang et al 2005. These measurements are influenced not only by breed, but also by gender, BW, age and HR (Morrison et al 1992, Cornell et al 2004, Bavegems et al 2007, Lobo et al 2008, Wess et al 2010, Locatelli et al 2011, Stephenson et al 2012, Misbach et al 2014. Our study showed a significant relationship between LV size variables and BW, justifying the use of weight-based references in the saluki breed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

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Breed‐specific reference ranges for standard echocardiographic measurements in salukis

Giraut

Häggström

Koskinen

et al. 2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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Objectives To establish normal reference ranges for standard echocardiographic measurements in Salukis and to examine whether bodyweight, age, gender and heart rate had an influence on the echocardiographic variables. Materials and Methods Seventy‐five privately owned healthy purebred Salukis, aged 2 to 10 years were included. Case history was obtained and dogs were examined by physical examination, complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry and echocardiography. Associations between bodyweight, gender, sex and heart rate and echocardiographic variables were examined using multiple linear regression analysis and allometric scaling. Reference values with 95% prediction intervals were calculated from regression equations. Results Bodyweight was a significant predictor of left ventricular diameters, left ventricular volumes and E‐point‐to‐septal‐separation. Associations between bodyweight and the echocardiographic variables were best described by multiple linear regression models, providing bodyweight‐based reference values. Age, gender and heart rate had significant effect on some of the echocardiographic variables and were included in the final models. When the equation included heart rate or age, reference values were calculated using mean heart rate value (80 bpm) and median age value (73 months). Clinical Significance This study provides detailed bodyweight‐based echocardiographic values in normal Salukis which can be used as reference values.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…, Misbach et al . ). Our study showed a significant relationship between LV size variables and BW, justifying the use of weight‐based references in the saluki breed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Breed‐specific reference ranges for standard echocardiographic measurements in salukis

Giraut

Häggström

Koskinen

et al. 2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…The right end‐diastolic atrial diameter also was measured at the level of the tricuspid annulus from the 2D right parasternal 4‐chamber view. The right atrium (RA) was judged as dilated if its diameter was wider than the upper reference limit (>15 mm) obtained from a population of 120 healthy adult (≥12 months) cats recruited at the UCA and determined as previously described by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, and by using the Tukey method for identifying outliers and the Anderson‐Darling test for evaluating normality of the distribution (Xlstat‐Biomed, Version 2016, Addinsoft, Data Analysis and Statistical Solution for Microsoft Excel, Paris, France). The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were used to determine the limits of the reference interval, and the 90% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by a parametric approach .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical, epidemiological and echocardiographic features and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001‐2015)

Chetboul

Passavin

Tréhiou-Sechi

et al. 2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a common primary cardiomyopathy of cats. However, little information is available regarding prognostic variables in large populations of cats with RCM. Objectives To characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features of cats with RCM and to document their survival times and risk factors for cardiac death (CD). Animals Ninety‐two cats with RCM. Methods Retrospective study. Diagnosis of RCM was based on echocardiographic and Doppler criteria. Median survival time to CD and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by the Kaplan‐Meier method and multivariate Cox models, respectively. Results The feline population (median age [interquartile range], 8.6 years [4.1‐12.4]; body weight, 4.0 kg [3.3‐4.7]) included 83 cats (90%) with the myocardial RCM form and 9 (10%) with the endomyocardial fibrosis RCM form. Most RCM cats (64/92, 70%) were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis, with dyspnea related to congestive heart failure in 57 of 64 cats (89%). The median survival time of the 69 cats with the myocardial RCM form and available follow‐up was 667 days (range, 2‐3710 days) considering CD. Independent of age, biatrial enlargement, and arrhythmias, increase of the left atrium (LA)‐to‐aorta (Ao) ratio (hazard ration [HR], 2.5 per 0.5‐unit increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5‐4.2; P < .001) and presence of severe LA enlargement (end‐diastolic LA : Ao ≥2; HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3‐8.7; P = .01) were significantly associated with shorter time to CD. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cardiac death is common in RCM cats, and LA enlargement seems independently associated with decreased survival time in these cats.

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“…A specialist's examination might identify hemodynamic abnormalities including pulmonary hypertension or increased left atrial pressure. Echocardiographic identification of mild left atrial or ventricular enlargement can be challenging, and comparisons to breed-specific normal values may be required (Class I, LOE: Moderate) [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. In addition to short axis basilar views, recentlydescribed 2-dimensional, long-axis echocardiographic ratios (left ventricle (LV)/aorta (Ao), LA/Ao, and LA/LV) have proven to be effective for identifying left atrial and ventricular enlargement in dogs with MMVD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs

Keene

Atkins

Bonagura

et al. 2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

439

700

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This report, issued by the ACVIM Specialty of Cardiology consensus panel, revises guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD, also known as endocardiosis and degenerative or chronic valvular heart disease) in dogs, originally published in 2009. Updates were made to diagnostic, as well as medical, surgical, and dietary treatment recommendations. The strength of these recommendations was based on both the quantity and quality of available evidence supporting diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Management of MMVD before the onset of clinical signs of heart failure has changed substantially compared with the 2009 guidelines, and new strategies to diagnose and treat advanced heart failure and pulmonary hypertension are reviewed.

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Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: Effect of body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals

Cited by 35 publications

References 40 publications

Breed‐specific reference ranges for standard echocardiographic measurements in salukis

Breed‐specific reference ranges for standard echocardiographic measurements in salukis

Clinical, epidemiological and echocardiographic features and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001‐2015)

ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs

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