Echocardiographic study of cardiac dimensions and function in the endurance-trained athlete

Gilbert, Charles A.; Nutter, Donald O.; Felner, Joel M.; Perkins, John V.; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Schlant, Robert C.

doi:10.1016/0002-9149(77)90067-4

Cited by 141 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Pelliccia et al (5) showed in a research done with 1005 athletes' ECG examination that approximately 40% of the athletes have abnormal ECG findings while 15% of them had changes that suggest cardiomyopathy. The changes seen in the ECG have developed secondary to increased vagal tone, decreased sympathetic tone and physiological hypertrophy (8,(24)(25)(26)(27). The most frequent finding is sinus bradycardia at rest (8,24).…”

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In athletes, pauses for more than two seconds may be seen in 24-hour rhythm monitoring. It is accepted that unless the situation follows up with a clinical finding, it need no further investigation and treatment (24)(25)(26)(27). With a significant existing bradyarrhythmia, escape junctional beats and rhythms might be seen.…”

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Supraventricular arrhythmias and ectopic beats of the A-V node are the changes that can be seen in athletes. In athletes; bradycardia, sinus pauses less than three seconds, sinus arrhythmia, wandering atrial pacemaker or junctional rhythm don't need further examination (26,27). If the sinus pause is more than three seconds further examination should be made.…”

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the QRS complexes are normal, the subjects that have a first-degree A-V block do not need further examination. If the PR interval time is longer than 0.3 seconds or the QRS complexes are abnormal, Wenckenbach type A-V block or congenital complete A-V block is present; exercise testing, 24 hour Holter monitorization and echocardiographic evaluation should be made (26,27). When an atrial fibrillation is detected, attention should be paid and further examination should be made to rule out underlying heart disease.…”

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Left ventricle hypertrophy is detected in athletes that does bicycle, long distance skiing and rowing and usually into endurance sports. Again using Sokolow-Lyon index amongst 0.6-12% of the athletes, right ventricle hypertrophy is detected (24)(25)(26)(27). The increased muscle mass cause's incomplete right bundle branch block amongst the 35-50% of the trained athletes and this finding disappears by terminating the regular exercise (8,(24)(25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The incognita of the known: the athlete’s heart syndrome

Kaşıkçıoğlu¹

2011

Anadolu Kardiyol Derg

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ÖZETUzun dönem sportif aktivite kalpte, sol ventrikül kavite ölçülerinde, duvar kalınlığında, kitlesinde artış ve ritim iletim değişiklikleri ile karakterize morfolojik ve fonksiyonel değişikliklere neden olur. Bu tablo 'sporcu kalbi sendromu' olarak tanımlanır. Klinik olarak görülen bu değişiklikler egzersize fizyolojik adaptasyon nedeniyle ortaya çıkar. Kardiyovasküler adaptasyon; egzersizin sıklığı, süresi, yoğunluğu kadar tipine de bağlıdır. Sporcuların fizik muayenesinde patolojik durumlarla karışabilen birçok değişiklik görülür. Ayrıca kardiyak hipertrofi, artmış vagal tonus ve repolarizasyon değişikliklerine bağlı birçok elektrokardiyografik değişiklik de mevcuttur. Sporculardaki bu fizyolojik değişiklikler, patolojik değişiklik-lerden her zaman için kolayca ayrılamayabilmektedir. Sporcu kalbindeki gelişen organik ve fonksiyonel değişikliklerin bilinmesi ve tanınması klinisyene, fizyolojik değişikliklerin sporcularda ani ölüm nedeni olabilen kardiyak patolojilerden ayrılmasında yardımcı olabilmektedir. (Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2011; 11: 351-9) Anahtar kelimeler: Egzersiz, sporcu, elektrokardiyografi, ekokardiyografi, hipertrofik kardiyomiyopati, ani kalp ölümü ABSTRACT Long-term athletic activity causes morphological and functional changes in the heart characterized as left ventricle cavity dimension changes, wall thickness and mass increase and rhythm conduction changes. This condition is identified as "athlete's heart syndrome". The changes that are seen clinically occur as a result of physiological adaptation to exercise. Cardiovascular adaptation depends on the exercise's type as well as its frequency, duration and intensity. In the athlete's physical examination, various changes can be seen that are mistaken with pathological conditions. In addition, there are changes present due to cardiac hypertrophy, increased vagal tone and repolarization. The knowledge and recognition of the organic and functional changes developing in the athlete's heart is being helpful to differentiate physiological changes from cardiac pathologies that can cause sudden death in athletes. (Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2011; 11: 351-9)

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Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrocardiographic (Ecg) Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The incognita of the known: the athlete’s heart syndrome

Kaşıkçıoğlu¹

2011

Anadolu Kardiyol Derg

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The influence of heart rate on echocardiographic assessment of aerobic training

Conrad

Nagle

Corliss

1982

Clinical Cardiology

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Summary:The purpose of this investigation was to determine if echocardiographic measures of ventricular structure and function ascribed to aerobic training might be an artifact of heart rate (HR) differences between trained and untrained subjects. Comparisons were made at rest, of 10 young, male, aerobically well-trained athletes [(V02)max 65>ml/kg/min] and 10 young, healthy controls [( VO2),,,<56ml/kg/min].Additionally, the echocardiographic responses to low (HR=80 beats/min) and moderate intensity (HR= 120 beats/min) supine cycling exercise were analyzed. Echocardiographic measures were made as described by Sahn et al. (1978). Results of echocardiographic comparisons between groups, both during supine rest and at a constant heart rate of 80 beats/min during supine cycling confirmed that athletes had significantly greater left ventricular mass (LV mass) and end-diastolic size per square meter of body surface area (p<0.05). When supine cycling loads were increased to elevate HR to 120 beats/min in groups of 7 athletes and 5 controls, athletes exhibited a progressive and significant (p<0.05) enlargement of left ventricular end-diastolic size (LVEDS), while left ventricular end-systolic size (LVESS) showed negligible change. The control group showed little change in LVEDS, but decreased LVESS significantly (p<0.05).Contractility measures, i.e., estimated ejection fraction (EF) and velocity of circumferential shortening (~c F ) increased in both groups in a similar manner. It was concluded that echocardiographic differences in ventricular structure and function observed between aerobically trained and untrained subjects are not an artifact of heart rate differences. Clearly, aerobic training results in increased LV mass and diastolic size which allows for further dilitation with supine exercise, Aerobic training does not appear to alter indices of myocardial contractility.

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