Echocardiographic and right-sidedcardiac pressure comparison of the mule and horse

Tucker, Russell L.; Wickler, S. J.; London, C.; Wyle, A.; Greene, Harley

doi:10.1016/s0737-0806(07)80485-0

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A 10 h resting electrocardiogram (Televet II, Heusenstamm, Germany) showed a persistent, mild tachycardia (median = 53 bpm; range = 18–166 bpm) as well as occasional atrial premature complexes (15/10 h) and infrequent ventricular premature complexes (2/10 h, Figure 1 ) in addition to a period of 2nd degree atrio-ventricular block, associated with sedation. An unsedated echocardiogram (GE Vivid E95 with 4VC probe) showed concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (increased relative and mean wall thickness with decreased left ventricular internal diameter), subjective right ventricular hypertrophy and increased left ventricular and left atrial systolic function ( Table 2 , Figure 2 ,) [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. There was no evidence of valvular regurgitation, and the systolic murmur appeared to be the result of turbulent flow in the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic root during systole, although only suboptimal alignment with the flow was achieved to show mild flow acceleration on continuous wave Doppler imaging ( Table 2 , Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiac Disease Related to Primary Hyperthyroidism in a 20-Year-Old Mule

Brown,

Williams Louie,

Pinn-Woodcock

et al. 2024

Animals

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Primary hyperthyroidism is a rarely diagnosed endocrinopathy in equids and there have been no previous reports of structural and functional cardiac changes associated with hyperthyroidism in these species. This case report investigates a 20-year-old mule gelding that presented for a three-month history of thin body condition despite polyphagia, with a heart murmur and elevated free and total thyroid hormone concentrations. On presentation, physical exam revealed a body condition score of two out of nine, persistent tachycardia, pansystolic heart murmur and firm bilateral ventral proximal cervical masses. Bloodwork confirmed markedly elevated free T4, total T4 and T3 concentrations. Echocardiogram demonstrated left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with increased ventricular and atrial systolic function. Bilateral thyroidectomy was performed under standing sedation without complications. Histopathology demonstrated adenocarcinoma of the left thyroid gland and multiple adenomas with osseous metaplasia within the right thyroid. The mule was supplemented with levothyroxine sodium two weeks post-op after a thyroid panel demonstrated undetectable concentrations. Polyphagia resolved following surgery and the mule began gaining weight. Echocardiographic changes improved but did not resolve at two years post-operative. Continued bi-annual follow up and monitoring of thyroid levels was recommended. This case represents the first documentation of hemodynamically relevant cardiac remodeling in an equid associated with primary hyperthyroidism.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bolded measurements were considered abnormal for a 325 kg mule when compared to those reported for other equid species. References denoted by a * are mule-specific references [19,20]. All other provided values are extrapolated from equine references for a 500 kg horse [21,22].…”

Section: Pre-operative Diagnostic Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%