Echocardiographic and Doppler echocardiographic findings in 11 wolves (Canis lupus)

Abstract

Two-dimensional real-time, M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic measurements were made in 11 adult wolves (Canis lupus) anaesthetised with an intramuscular combination of medetomidine, ketamine, butorphanol and acepromazine followed by isoflurane in oxygen. M-mode measurements of the left ventricle, B-mode measurements of the left atrium and aorta, systolic indices, and Doppler measurements of aortic and pulmonary blood outflow, and of mitral and tricuspid blood inflow, were recorded. The values obtained were compared with those reported for dogs of similar bodyweight and body type. The diastolic measurements of the cardiac chambers and walls were similar to those reported for healthy, conscious dogs, but the use of anaesthesia probably resulted in the markedly different systolic cardiac measurements, systolic indices and Doppler blood flow velocities observed in the wolves. Mild mitral regurgitation, probably due to mitral endocardiosis, was observed in one wolf, and trivial functional mitral insufficiency was observed in five others.

Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats

“…It is widely used as a first-line sedative for animals with heart disease owing to its wide therapeutic window, lack of significant cardiovascular effects and relatively short duration. 32 Although butorphanol has been used in a number of published sedation protocols for feline echocardiography, 8,9,18,33,34 to our knowledge, no studies have specifically evaluated the effects of butorphanol on echocardiographic variables. In our experience, butorphanol alone does not induce sufficient sedation in many healthy cats undergoing echocardiography.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Common sedative choices in cats include opioids, such as butorphanol or buprenorphine; phenothiazine neuroleptics, such as acepromazine; and dissociative anesthetics, such as ketamine. Although acepromazine [6][7][8][9][10] and ketamine 2,4,[10][11][12] have been widely utilized as sedatives to facilitate echocardiography in dogs and cats, their effects on echocardiographic variables have been poorly documented. [1][2][3]13,14 Moreover, the majority of previous studies have investigated only two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) and motionmode (M-mode) variables of left ventricular (LV) size and systolic function.…”

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

“…In recent years many breed specific echocardiographic parameters have been published for canines (Crippa et al 1992, Morrison et al 1992, Vollmar 1999 Guglielmini et al 2006, Kayar et al 2006, Muzzi et al 2006, Bavagems et al 2007, Cunningham et al 2009, Vörös et al 2009, Castro et al 2011, Jacobson et al 2013, Gugjoo et al 2014 showing significant differences between these measurements in different dog breeds (Boon 2011b). This underlines the necessity to prepare reference values for specific breeds, especially ones having different chest conformations (Morrison et al 1992, Della Torre et al 2000, Boon 2011b) or athletic ability (Jacobson et al 2013).…”

AVALIAÇÃO ELETROCARDIOGRÁFICA DE CACHORRO-DO-MATO (Cerdocyon thous, Linnaeus, 1766)

“…Alterações cardíacas como arritmia atrioventricular de primeiro e segundo grau já foram descritas em cinco lobos-cinzentos (Canis lupus) (9). Alterações do ritmo cardíaco como um importante fator indicador de morte em animais vítimas de atropelamento foram relatadas em cães domésticos (10,11).…”