Echinococcosis in humans and animals in Southern Africa Development Community countries: A systematic review

Abstract

The taeniid Echinococcus is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease echinococcosis/hydatidosis and is associated with economic losses in livestock production. This review summarizes available scientific literature on circulating species of Echinococcus in humans, wild and domestic animals in countries of Southern Africa Development Community, and identifies knowledge gaps and recommend research priorities. Data were systematically accessed from Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed and from library resources from December 2017 to June 2019. Meta-analysis was conducted in STATA program and heterogeneity and prevalence values were pooled by host species with 95% confidence interval. In intermediate hosts, the overall prevalence of Echinococcus by meat inspection was 10% (CI: 9–11%) in small ruminants, 7% (CI: 5–8%) in cattle, 1% (CI: 0–1%) in pigs and 9% (CI: 0–29%) in wild herbivores. In canids by CoproAg-ELISA and necropsy the prevalence was of 10% (CI: 8–10%) and 6% (CI: 3–10%) respectively. A high level of heterogeneity (I 2 > 65%) was observed for all study groups. Echinococcus equinus , E. canadensis , E ortleppi and E. felidis were reported from wildlife and E. ortleppi , E. granulosus s. s. and E. canadensis from humans. There is paucity of research in echinococcosis and gaps in prevalence reports over time in both humans and animals in the SADC region and we recommend an increase in future studies on the epidemiology of disease, risk factors for transmission in animals and humans and its relation with human health specially in the advent of HIV pandemic following a “One Health” approach.

The Diagnosis of Sheep Cystic Echinococcosis by Native Antigen B - Elisa Method

“…In the present study, the prevalence of CE in East Azerbaijan of Iran was relatively the same reports from neighboring countries in the Middle East such as Iraq: 7.3% (Abdulhameed et al 2018) Syria: 2.8% (Seimenis 2003) Saudi Arabia: 2.33% (Adbel-Baki et al 2018) but differs from those reported in other studies in Turkey: 30.6, Spain: 0.1 %, France: 0.004%, Italy: 21%, Romania: 11-13%, Greece:29%, Kenya: 10.8% and Southern Africa (Miambo et al 2020;Tamarozzi et al 2020).…”

High species diversity of Echinococcus spp. in wild mammals of Namibia

“…were found in wild mammals in Namibia, the highest known diversity in wildlife on the African continent followed by Kenya ( Kagendo et al, 2014 ; Romig et al, 2011 ) and representing all Echinococcus spp. known to occur in Africa ( Deplazes et al, 2017 ; Miambo et al, 2020 ; Mogoye et al, 2013 ). This high diversity in Namibia is unlikely to be extraordinary but might reflect the scarcity of records in other countries, at least for southern Africa.…”

“…Also, more attention is needed in analysing and managing the risk of potential diseases including CE. Very little is known about the CE situation in humans in Namibia, and most other countries of southern Africa ( Miambo et al, 2020 ), thus further investigations are urgently needed.…”

Türkiye'deki Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato'nun genetik çeşitliliğine genel bir bakış

“…"G nomenclature" could not be applied the lion strain due to lack of biological sample. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Today, some evidence exists which supports that G2 is a sub-group of G1 (using cox1 sequences) or G3 (using nad1 sequences), [7,9] and G1-G3 genotype is considered as a single species as E. granulosus sensu stricto. In addition, the G9 genotype is now accepted as a microvariant of G7.…”