Eccentric Exercise Leads to Performance Decrease and Insulin Signaling Impairment

Abstract

In summary, the current used OT protocol based on eccentric exercise sessions impaired the insulin signaling pathway with concomitant increases of IKK, SAPK/JNK, and SOCS3 protein levels.

Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress of overtrained mice after recovery

“…The animals were maintained in individual cages with controlled temperature (22±2°C) on a 12:12-h inverted light-dark cycle (light: 6 pm to 6 am, dark: 6 am to 6 pm), with water and food (Purina chow) available ad libitum. The experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of USP (ID 14.1.873.53.0) and the experimental groups were manipulated and/or overtrained in a dark room between 6 to 8 am 13,[18][19][20][21][22] .…”

“…Each week of the downhill, uphill and without inclination OT running protocols consisted of 5 days of training, followed by 2 days of recovery, and were applied as previously described 13,[18][19][20][21][22] . The performance evaluations were done at week 0 and 48 h after the last sessions of the OT protocols at the end of week 10 and consisted of a rotarod test 13,22,24 , the ILT 13,[18][19][20][21][22] , an exhaustive test 13,18-22 and a grip force test 13,[18][19][20][21][22]25 .…”

“…The performance evaluations were done at week 0 and 48 h after the last sessions of the OT protocols at the end of week 10 and consisted of a rotarod test 13,22,24 , the ILT 13,[18][19][20][21][22] , an exhaustive test 13,18-22 and a grip force test 13,[18][19][20][21][22]25 . The description of these tests and their results were made available recently 13 , using the same sample as this study.…”

“…Knowing the relationship between ER stress and inflammation [14][15][16][17] , here we tested the effects of these three OT protocols 13 on the levels of the BiP, pIRE-1 (Ser734), pPERK (Thr981), pelF2alpha (Ser52), ATF-6 and GRP-94 proteins in mice hypothalamus after a 2-week total recovery. It is well established that these OT protocols are linked to a nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) state 13,18 which is well-defined as a decrement or stagnation in performance that may be reestablished after weeks or months of recovery and may be associated to psychological and hormonal disturbances 11…”

Nonfunctional overreaching and hepatic adaptations of APPL1 and APPL2

“…The resting interval between daily sessions during the eighth week was 4h. The performance evaluations were made on week 0 and 48 h after the last sessions of the OT protocols at the end of week 8 and consisted of a rotarod test 12,14,15 , the ILT 3,12,14,[16][17][18] , an exhaustive test 3,12,14,[16][17][18] and a grip force test 3,12,14,[16][17][18] . The description of these tests and their results were recently published 3 using the same sample as the current study.…”