Eccentric and Concentric Strength of the Shoulder and Arm Musculature in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers

Mikesky, Alan E.; Edwards, Jeffrey E.; Wigglesworth, J. K.; Kunkel, Sanford S.

doi:10.1177/036354659502300520

Cited by 80 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In athletic populations, different studies have demonstrated higher values for the dominant side, 28,29 an absence of significant difference between the two sides, 30,31 and higher values on the dominant side as a function of test speed 32 or the mode of muscle contraction. 33 For our group, it seems difficult to explain the results. Why did the paraplegics develop lower force and lower power on the nondominant side?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Isokinetic shoulder rotator muscles in wheelchair athletes

Bernard

Codine²,

2004

Spinal Cord

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Objectives: To assess the influence of wheelchair propulsion and neurological level on isokinetic shoulder rotational strength. Setting: University of Montpellier, France Methods: Data were evaluated in three groups of subjects as follows: 12 nonathletes, 15 tennis players and 21 wheelchair athletes. We then compared 12 high paraplegic athletes (HPA) and nine low paraplegic athletes (LPA) within the group of 21 wheelchair athletes: The isokinetic tests were performed in the seated 451 abducted test position in the scapular plane at 60, 180 and 3001 s À1 for both shoulders. Peak torque and mean power values were gathered and, from these values, the internal/external rotation ratios were calculated. Results: Intergroup comparison showed an influence of lesion and sport on peak torque at 180 and 3001 s À1 for the internal rotators and significantly higher values of the internal/external ratios in the wheelchair athlete group. For mean power, we observed significant differences under all test conditions and significant differences for ratio only on the dominant side at 1801 s À1 and on the dominant side at 3001 s À1 . Comparison of the two groups of paraplegic athletes showed significantly higher values of peak torque and mean power of the external rotators in the LPA for all test conditions. Conclusions: Neurological level of lesion does not systematically influence the development of internal rotator muscles; in contrast, the participation of the external rotators appears strongly correlated to neurological level. The comparison of the two sides in the two paraplegic groups showed that in two-thirds of the cases the values of the external rotators were significantly higher than those of the internal rotators on the nondominant side for peak torque and mean power. Ratios on the dominant side were systematically higher than on the nondominant side, with significant differences also noted in two-thirds of the cases. These results raise questions about the influence of neurological level and wheelchair propulsion on the muscular adaptations of the shoulder in wheelchair athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Isokinetic shoulder rotator muscles in wheelchair athletes

Bernard

Codine²,

2004

Spinal Cord

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“…2,3,10 Thus, isokinetic evaluation of IR-and ER-muscle strength is currently used to guide diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation. 2,3,5,6 Concentric and eccentric contraction modes are evaluated, 12,13 in association with the ER:IR ratio, which describes the strength characteristics of the muscles at the shoulder joint. 3,5,6 Like any assessment methodology, the isokinetic measurement process must be valid and reliable to be meaningful and interpretable.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reliability of Isokinetic Assessment of Shoulder-Rotator Strength: A Systematic Review of the Effect of Position

Édouard¹,

Samozino²,

Julia³

et al. 2011

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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Context: Isokinetic assessment of shoulder internal-(IR) and external-rotator (ER) strength is commonly used with many different postures (sitting, standing, or supine) and shoulder positions (frontal or scapular plane with 45° or 90° of ab duction). Objective: To conduct a systematic review to determine the influence of position on the intersession reliability of the assessment of IR and ER isokinetic strength, to identify the most reliable position, and to de termine which isokinetic variable appears to be most stable in intersession relia bility. Evidence Acquisi tion: A systematic literature search through MEDLINE and Pascal Biomed data bases was performed in October 2009. Criteria for inclu sion were that studies be written in English or French, describe the isokinetic evaluation methods, and de scribe statistical analysis. Evidence Synthesis: Sixteen studies meeting the inclu sion criteria were included. Variable reliability of ER and IR peak torque (PT) were generally reported for all assessment positions; intraclass correlation coefficients were .44-.98 in the seated position with 45° of shoulder abduction, .09-.77 in the seated position with 90° of shoulder abduction, .86-.99 (coefficient of variation: 7.5-29.8%) in the supine position with 90° of shoulder abduction, .82-.84 in the supine position with 45° of shoulder abduction, and .75-.94 in standing. The ER:IR ratio reliability was low for all posi tions. Conclusions: The seated position with 45° of shoulder abduction in the scapular plane seemed the most reliable for IR and ER strength assessment. The standing position or a shoulder posture with 90° of shoulder abduction or in the frontal plane must be used with caution given the low reliability for peak torque. Good reliability of ER and IR PT was generally reported, but ER:IR ratio reliabil ity was low.

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“…Another area of interest lies in the fact that bilateral comparisons displayed that the participants had, on average, stronger concentric IR and ER strength on the non-dominant than the dominant side. Despite the fact that varied results have been found regarding dominant v. non-dominant shoulder strengths for overhead athletes, it has generally been found that the dominant side is as strong as, [21] or stronger than, [22] the nondominant side. The findings of our study are therefore contrary to those of previous research and may be indicative of the weakness of our participants' dominant concentric IR and ER strength.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thoracic posture, shoulder muscle activation patterns and isokinetic strength of semi-professional rugby union players

Bolton¹,

Sj²,

Sparks³

et al. 2013

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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Background. Shoulder injuries are the most severe injuries in rugby union players, accounting for almost 20% of injuries related to the sport and resulting in lost playing hours. Objective. To profile the thoracic posture, scapular muscle activation patterns and rotator cuff muscle isokinetic strength of semi-professional rugby union players. Methods. Using the hand-behind-the-neck and -back methods, we manually tested the range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joints of 91 uninjured semi-professional rugby union players who consented to participate in the study. Profiling and classification of thoracic posture was performed according to the New York Posture Test. Activation patterns of the upper and lower trapezius, serratus anterior and infraspinatus scapular muscles were determined by electromyography. The isokinetic muscle strength of the rotator cuff muscles was determined at 60°/sec by measuring the concentric and eccentric forces during internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER). Results. Participants presented with non-ideal or unsatisfactory internal (59%) and external (85%) rotators of the shoulder. A slightly abnormal or abnormal forward head posture was observed in 55% of participants, while 68% had an abnormal shoulder position in the lateral view. The muscle activation sequence of the rotator cuff muscles was: (i) serratus anterior, (ii) lower trapezius, (iii) infraspinatus, and (iv) upper trapezius. The isokinetic ER/IR muscle-strength ratio during concentric muscle contraction was 64% (standard deviation (SD) ±14) for the left shoulder and 54% (SD ±10) for the right shoulder. The ER/IR ratio for eccentric muscle contraction was 67% (SD ±12) and 61% (SD ±9) for the left and right shoulders, respectively. Conclusions. Non-ideal or unsatisfactory flexibility of the external rotators of the shoulder, a forward shoulder posture in the lateral view, and weakness of the external rotators did not result in an abnormal rotator cuff muscle activation pattern in this study. Postural deviations may, however, increase the risk of shoulder injury in rugby union players in the long term, and should be corrected.

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Eccentric and Concentric Strength of the Shoulder and Arm Musculature in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers

Cited by 80 publications

References 16 publications

Isokinetic shoulder rotator muscles in wheelchair athletes

Isokinetic shoulder rotator muscles in wheelchair athletes

Reliability of Isokinetic Assessment of Shoulder-Rotator Strength: A Systematic Review of the Effect of Position

Thoracic posture, shoulder muscle activation patterns and isokinetic strength of semi-professional rugby union players

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