EC Membership and the Judicialization of British Politics

European Legal Integration: Towards a More Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach

“…27, J.O. 2161/64, 11 August 1964 Analysis of parliamentary debates during British accession to the EC is also compatible with the view that the UK government accepted the supremacy and direct effect of European law (while publically downplaying or neglecting the potential empowerment of UK domestic courts) in order to gain the economic benefits of pervasive trade liberalization (Nicol, 2001). I thank a JCMS referee for bringing this example to my attention.…”

“…2161/64, 11 August 1964 Analysis of parliamentary debates during British accession to the EC is also compatible with the view that the UK government accepted the supremacy and direct effect of European law (while publically downplaying or neglecting the potential empowerment of UK domestic courts) in order to gain the economic benefits of pervasive trade liberalization (Nicol, 2001). It argues that the development of European law benefitted export-orientated businesses by prohibiting inter-state retaliation and unilateral safeguard mechanisms; that the effective suppression of such common (if trade-disrupting and inefficient) trade politics behaviours was one of the Court's direct objectives when 14 Reply to written question No.…”

When Cives Europae became bargaining chips: free movement of persons in the Brexit negotiations

“…Not surprisingly, EU citizens rushed to obtain permanent residence cards, which-as per Directive 2004/38/EC-have merely a declaratory character. 33 Yet, under the circumstances, many applicants believed that the cards in question guaranteed an additional safety net at very uncertain times. It is notable that issuing of permanent residence cards is left in the hands of the Member States, while Directive 2004/38/EC provides only a very general framework.…”

“…For a commentary see, inter alia, Emerson [11]. 33 35 See Warrel [42]. Some EU citizens opted for naturalisation in order to make sure that their rights are protected.…”

“…The Joint Report as well as the Draft Withdrawal Agreement also attend to public enforcement of the agreed rules. On the EU side, this function will be performed by the European Commission [33]; Howe [19].…”