EBV-Driven Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Spectrum of Entities with a Common Denominator (Part 1)

Abstract

EBV is the most common persistent virus in humans. The interaction of EBV with B lymphocytes, which are considered the virus reservoir, is at the base of the life-long latent infection. Under circumstances of immunosuppression, the balance between virus and host immune system is altered and hence, EBV-associated lymphoid proliferations may originate. These disorders encompass several entities, ranging from self-limited diseases with indolent behavior to aggressive lymphomas. The virus may infect not only B-cells, but even T- and NK-cells. The occurrence of different types of lymphoid disorders depends on both the type of infected cells and the state of host immunity. EBV-driven lymphoproliferative lesions can rarely occur in the gastrointestinal tract and may be missed even by expert pathologists due to both the uncommon site of presentation and the frequent overlapping morphology and immunophenotypic features shared by different entities. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, arising within the gastrointestinal tract. The review is divided in three parts. In this part, the available data on EBV biology, EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer, EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified and classic Hodgkin lymphoma are discussed.

What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review (Part 6): Correlation of PD-L1 Expression with the Status of Mismatch Repair System, BRCA, PTEN, and Other Genes

“…Systematic literature reviews and metanalyses (SLRs) conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines (including an evidence-based minimum set of items for reporting) ( , accessed on 8 May 2021) are increasingly important in health care, keeping medical doctors up to date, and also representing the background for developing clinical guidelines/trials, as well as the justification for financial supports of research projects. Usually conducted by multidisciplinary teams, SLRs performed according to these guidelines could be applicable in various topics/contexts, improving the research quality not only of pure meta-analyses but also of SLRs applied to case report/series [ 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 256 , …”

What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 3: PD-L1, Intracellular Signaling Pathways and Tumor Microenvironment

“…They highlight various subtopics, including: PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression in PC cases, with discussion of pre-analytical and interpretation variables; correlations of PD-L1 expression with clinic-pathological features in PC patients; genetic and epigenetic regulation of PD-L1; data of pre-clinical studies (cell lines, mouse models) about the effects of experimental treatments on PD-L1 expression in PC cells; investigated correlations of PD-L1 expression with the status of mismatch repair system, BRCA, PTEN and other main genes in PC; PD-L1 expression in liquid biopsy samples; information of clinical trials, etc. We address the Readers to the other papers for further details on these subtopics [259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276].…”

Intravascular NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: What We Know about This Diagnostically Challenging, Aggressive Disease

“…EBV-associated diseases develop predominantly in immunocompromised individuals when the balance between the immune system of the host and the infection is altered. EBV plays a pathogenetic role in lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) of B-cell origin, as well as of T- and NK-cell origin, including IVNKTL [ 28 , 39 , 40 ].…”