EBSD study of hydrogen-induced cracking in API-5L-X46 pipeline steel

Venegas, V.; Caleyo, F.; González, Jeanette; Baudin, Thierry; Hallen, J.M.; Pénelle, R.

doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.09.015

Cited by 90 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Therefore the present results are also in qualitative agreement with Refs [18,19,22], wherein a combination of {001}, {110}, {112} and {123} crack propagation planes (no fractions given) was observed following extensive EBSD studies of HICC in API-5L-X46 pipeline steel with a ferritepearlite microstructure.…”

Section: Crack Propagation Planessupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Trace analysis of the EBSD maps was performed in order to determine the potential transgranular crack propagation planes among the {001} cleavage planes and the {110}, {112} and {123} slip planes [18,19]. Firstly the angle between the crack trace in a grain and the map horizontal (transverse direction (TD)) was measured.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Refs. [18][19][20][21][22]), it inherently assumes that the crack plane is perpendicular to the examined two-dimensional planar surface. A more precise identification of the crack planes requires three-dimensional analysis (by serial sectioning for example), however, this is beyond the scope of the present study.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters

Saleh

Hejazi

Gazder

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Pereloma, E. V. (2016). Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (28), 12424-12435. Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters AbstractHydrogen-induced cold cracking and blistering in hydrogen-charged X70 steel was found to be highly dependent on microstructure, with the banded ferrite-pearlite microstructure of hot rolled strip showing a higher susceptibility than other microstructures produced by different thermal-mechanical routes. Although crack initiation was particularly sensitive to microstructure, crack growth occurred largely parallel to the rolling plane, at least at a macroscopic level, for all of the microstructures investigated. The crack plane was associated with structural anisotropy arising from processing by rolling and was not found to be related to a preferred grain orientation. At a microstructural level, crack propagation was mostly transgranular and occurred dominantly along slip planes of the ferrite grains. Cracks were initiated at strong traps in the microstructure when the hydrogen and local stress concentrations reached critical levels for hydrogeninduced fracture. The main initiation sites were coarse inclusions, mainly oxides, and ferrite-pearlite interfaces. Keywords: X70 pipeline steel, electrolytic hydrogen charging, hydrogen-induced cold cracking (HICC), effect of microstructure, crystallography of cracking, effect of grain texture.

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Section: Crack Propagation Planessupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters

Saleh

Hejazi

Gazder

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…Recently, a few studies on the characterization of brittle cracks using EBSD have been reported. [14,[16][17][18][19][20] However, initiation and propagation of cleavage cracks in the HAZ of high strength (e.g. X100) have not been explored to the best of our understanding.…”

Section: Thermo-mechanically Processed X80-x100mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure–Property–Fracture Mechanism Correlation in Heat-Affected Zone of X100 Ferrite−Bainite Pipeline Steel

Subramanian

et al. 2015

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions E

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Structural performance of a weld joint primarily depends on the microstructural characteristics of heat-affected zone (HAZ). In this regard, the HAZ in X100 ferriteÀbainite pipeline steel was studied by separating the HAZ into intercritically reheated coarse-grained (ICCG) HAZ containing and non-containing regions. These two regions were individually evaluated for Charpy impact toughness and characterized by electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). Low toughness of~50 J was obtained when the notch of impact specimen encountered ICCGHAZ and high toughness of~180 J when the notch did not contain ICCGHAZ. Fracture surface was 60 pct brittle in the absence of ICCGHAZ, and 95 pct brittle (excluding shear lip) in the presence of ICCGHAZ in the impact tested samples. The underlying reason is the microstructure of ICCGHAZ consisted of granular bainite and upper bainite with necklace-type martensiteÀaustenite (MÀA) constituent along grain boundaries. The presence of necklace-type M-A constituent notably increases the susceptibility of cleavage microcrack nucleation. ICCGHAZ was found to be both the initiation site of the whole fracture and cleavage facet initiation site during brittle fracture propagation stage. Furthermore, the study of secondary microcracks beneath CGHAZ and ICCGHAZ through EBSD suggested that the fracture mechanism changes from nucleation-controlled in CGHAZ to propagation-controlled in ICCGHAZ because of the presence of necklace-type M-A constituent in ICCGHAZ. Both fracture mechanisms contribute to the poor toughness of the sample contained ICCGHAZ.

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“…HIC-resistance is also highly dependent on crystallographic texture with strong h111i ND fibre textures produced by hot-rolling showing significantly increased HIC-resistance compared to h001i ND and close-to-random textures which are HIC-prone [10].…”

Section: Hydrogen-induced Cracking (Hic)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Sour Service in Oil Export and Onshore Pipelines: A Case Study

Ifezue

Nettikaden

2013

J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

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Thirteen extended H 2 S excursions (19.64 mg/l maximum) above the Standard Operating Limit (SOL, 6.7 mg/l), recorded for the export and onshore pipeline systems in January 2010, contravened the Pipelines Safety Regulations (PSR) 1996 and triggered an assessment to determine the safety of continued operation in a sour service condition. Sampling and monitoring results were assessed and the pH and H 2 S partial pressures were found not to align with any of the ISO 15156 SCC regions of environmental severity (0, 1, 2 and 3). Both pipelines were, therefore, considered safe for continued operation as long as pH remained near-neutral above 6.5. Since pH was found to be the main driver for SSCC risk, pH analysis has been recommended for every pig receipt with H 2 S and CO 2 excursions being the main triggers. Also the high risk of HIC should be mitigated by maintaining pH at near-neutral levels. Very low H 2 S levels have been achieved by pigging, biociding and scavenging and low corrosivities by adequate corrosion inhibition. Weld root hardness of the export pipeline (295 HV 10 ) is out of compliance with ISO 15156 hardness requirements for operating in the SCC region 0 (275 HV 10 ). Risk-based inspection (RBI) reviews are recommended to determine inspection techniques and frequencies appropriate for all susceptible weldments.

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EBSD study of hydrogen-induced cracking in API-5L-X46 pipeline steel

Cited by 90 publications

References 5 publications

Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters

Investigation of the effect of electrolytic hydrogen charging of X70 steel: II. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of the formation of hydrogen induced cracks and blisters

Structure–Property–Fracture Mechanism Correlation in Heat-Affected Zone of X100 Ferrite−Bainite Pipeline Steel

Managing Sour Service in Oil Export and Onshore Pipelines: A Case Study

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