Ebola Virus Antibodies in Fruit Bats, Bangladesh

Olival, Kevin J.; Islam, Ariful; Yu, Meng; Anthony, Simon J.; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Khan, Shahneaz Ali; Khan, Salah Ud‐Din; Crameri, Gary; Wang, Lin‐Fa; Lipkin, W. Ian; Luby, Stephen P.; Daszak, Peter

doi:10.3201/eid1902.120524

Cited by 136 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

121

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In humans, the rates of genetic changes occurring in EBOV may be 100 times slower than that in influenza A viruses; however, the divergence of EBOV was reported to have taken place several thousand years ago [13,14]. The EBOV envelope glycoprotein (eGP) plays multiple functions in viral pathogenesis as it aids in virus attachment and entry to cells, causes cell rounding, down-regulates host surface proteins, enhances virus assembly and budding, and also mediates widespread inflammation, cytotoxicity, and cellular damage, while secretary glycoprotein (sGP) is secreted by the virus infected host cells [15][16][17].…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several evidence-based scientific works have highlighted that fruit bats, especially those belonging to the three species Epomops franqueti, Hypsignathus monstrosus, and Myonycteris torquata serve as a potential reservoir host for EBOV [29]. Recently, the presence of antibodies against EBOV in bats from Bangladesh supported the theory that they may be natural reservoirs of this deadly virus [15]. However, the involvement of intermediate hosts in transmission of EBOV to the end host is yet to be elucidated.…”

Section: Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mucosal transmission of EBOV infection has been proven in non-human primates, but it can also occur in humans. Aerosol dissemination of EBOV has been associated with the disease development in non-human primates, which may raise an, albeit remote, possibility of airborne infection of EBOV in humans [15]. However, in this context, Dr. Tom Frieden, Director of CDC, USA clarified that in the history of all viruses, scientists have yet to see a virus mutating so that it becomes airborne to spread via droplets like influenza, where the dried viral particles can travel long distances in the air.…”

Section: Transmission and Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The host immune system and vascular bed is directly affected by EBOV entering macrophages and dendritic cells through pinocytosis to reach the endosomal vesicles ( Figure 4). EBOV-primed host macrophages and monocytes release the inflammatory cytokines in very high levels in blood stream, which destroy the normal tissues and microcirculation as well as cause extensive damage to the endothelial vessels, thereby leading to massive blood loss, which is the major feature of EBOV infection [15]. The coagulation mechanism inside the blood vessels is also activated to cause intravascular coagulation.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Ebola from emergence to epidemic: the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives

Dhama

Malik

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Humans constantly encounter threats from many infectious, zoonotic, and devastating pathogens. Outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), bird flu, and swine flu posing pandemic threats have compelled health agencies to follow global preparedness for combating the emerging deadly pathogens. The outbreak in West Africa of highly contagious Ebola viral disease (EVD) that started in Guinea in December 2013, assumed global proportions to become the largest outbreak of EVD and the most prominent international health concern. With fatality rates of nearly 50%-90%, it has claimed, as of 11 April 2015, 10,619 human lives out of a total of 25,626 cases reported worldwide. Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of Filoviridae family, is associated with severe, often lethal, hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and animals. The animal hosts, including non-human primates and reservoir hosts (fruit bats), play a significant role in transmission and maintenance of EBOV in nature. Although no approved vaccine for the prevention of EVD currently exists, disease control can be greatly enhanced by timely laboratory confirmation through blood tests using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Adherence to strict sanitary and hygienic measures, monitoring and surveillance of EBOV, as well as quarantine checks on international trade, transport, and visitors from affected countries are mandatory to prevent and control the spread of EVD. This review describes the salient properties of EBOV and the development of novel diagnostics, vaccines, and control strategies for this emerging disease of high public health concern and international emergency.

show abstract

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transmission and Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ebola from emergence to epidemic: the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives

Dhama

Malik

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Researchers believe that the Ebola virus originated in monkeys, pigs, or fruit bats but is never air borne. Leroy et al (2005;BBC, 2005;Weingartl et al, 2012;Olival et al, 2013;BBC, 2014;Nossiter, 2014;Pollack, 2014;GCS, 2014) for details on the sources of Ebola virus.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Broken Woven Poisson Spheres to Manage Deadly Ebola Incidences

Shanmugam¹

2014

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The deadly infectious Ebola incidences scare not only to the residents of western Africa but also to the travelers and medical professionals who treat the patients, as they became victims. Since 27 July until 13 August 2014 alone, about 2,127 Ebola cases occurred in just four Western African countries: Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone and more than 50% of them died. The mortality is extremely higher. No known medication exists. Though the virus is not airborne spreading, a contact with the patient's fluids, tissues, or bodies is known to transmit Ebola virus. There had been three categories: Suspected, probable, or confirmed in the collection of Ebola incidences and deaths. Their data are quite informative if they are properly processed and it is exactly the aim of this article. For this purpose, the stochastic nature of the data is probed rationally. The Ebola incidences and deaths in each category exhibit a separate Poisson chance environment and yet, they are connected. Therefore, suitable Poisson models are developed for each category and are then woven together to analyse the entire pertinent data on Ebola incidences and deaths in those four countries. Pictures are worth the thousand words to comprehend non-trivial findings. Hence, innovatively the data analytic concepts for three-dimensional sphere for each country is developed and applied. By superimposing the four spheres (one for each country), this article points out the relative performance of the four countries with respect to the Ebola incidences and deaths together in each category. One country does better than others in one category but poorly in other two categories. A better performance by a country is a reflection of effective prevention and successful medical treatment of Ebola cases.

show abstract

Filoviruses: Ebola, Marburg and Disease

Groseth

Eickmann

Ebihara

et al. 2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ebola‐ and marburgviruses belong to the family of filoviruses and cause severe haemorrhagic fevers in humans and nonhuman primates. Since their discovery in 1967, during outbreaks in Germany and former Yugoslavia originating with nonhuman primates imported from Uganda, they have been responsible for numerous disease outbreaks in Africa, including that of unprecedented size, which is currently ongoing in West Africa. Filoviruses have also been implicated in massive die‐offs of great apes, and in recent years there have been several cases of imported infections into Europe and North America. Filoviral haemorrhagic fevers are severe diseases with case fatality rates of up to 90%. Currently, there is neither a licensed vaccine nor a specific therapy available, although experimental vaccines and treatments have shown promise in nonhuman primates, and are now being vigorously pursued in human clinical trials. Key Concepts Human pathogenic filoviruses (Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Marburg virus (MARV)) are found in Africa, primarily in bats and nonhuman primates. In contrast, Reston virus (RESTV), which is nonpathogenic in humans, originates in the Philippines, where it is found in both nonhuman primates and pigs. Imported nonhuman primates have been the cause of outbreaks of filoviral haemorrhagic fever in Europe and North America, both among humans and nonhuman primates. Tourism and the return of medical aid workers have also resulted in several imported infections during the last years. Bats represent the most likely reservoir for filoviruses. The recent outbreak in West Africa has been responsible for over 27 000 cases (as of 27 May 2015) and is still ongoing; highlighting the threat that filovirus infection continues to pose to human health. While the absolute number of filoviral haemorrhagic fever cases remain low compared to other diseases, the severe disease picture and high case fatality rates have led to a high public profile of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers. The pathophysiology of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers involves vascular dysfunction, impairment of the immune system and massive dysregulation of cytokine production. Death is caused by multiple organ failure as result of a syndrome resembling septic shock. Currently, the only measures to combat filovirus infections are supportive therapy and patient isolation. However, basic public health measures are very effective at controlling outbreaks, when consistently and rigorously implemented. Experimental treatments and vaccines in nonhuman primates exist, but are not yet licensed for use in humans. However, public interest in the current West African EBOV outbreak has accelerated efforts to see several of the more advanced therapeutic and vaccination approaches licenced.

show abstract

Ebola Virus Antibodies in Fruit Bats, Bangladesh

Cited by 136 publications

References 14 publications

Ebola from emergence to epidemic: the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives

Ebola from emergence to epidemic: the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives

Health Broken Woven Poisson Spheres to Manage Deadly Ebola Incidences

Filoviruses: Ebola, Marburg and Disease

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About