Ebola Outbreak Killed 5000 Gorillas

Bermejo, Magdalena; Rodríguez‐Teijeiro, José Domingo; Illera, Germán; Barroso, Alex; Vilà, Carles; Walsh, Peter

doi:10.1126/science.1133105

Cited by 335 publications

(296 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Recent data from habituated gorillas in the Lossi sanctuary that experienced mass mortality due to ZEBOV strongly suggest efficient transmission within family groups, as well as repeated spread to neighboring groups (6). If these gorillas indeed acquired infection predominantly from contact with infected conspecifics, diseased individuals from one group or locality would be expected to harbor highly related viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outbreaks have been shown to coincide with significant mortality among wildlife in surrounding areas (2,3), and it is thought that people first acquire infection through the handling of infected animal carcasses (1,4,5). Ecological survey data indicate that the detrimental effects of ZEBOV infection on wildlife populations, mainly chimpanzees and gorillas, over the last two decades have been much more dramatic and widespread than the frequency and geographic scale of human outbreaks alone would suggest (2,(6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Isolates Of Zaire Ebolavirus From Wild Apes Reveal Genetic Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants

Wittmann

Biek

Hassanin

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

114

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Over the last 30 years, Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), a virus highly pathogenic for humans and wild apes, has emerged repeatedly in Central Africa. Thus far, only a few virus isolates have been characterized genetically, all belonging to a single genetic lineage and originating exclusively from infected human patients. Here, we describe the first ZEBOV sequences isolated from great ape carcasses in the Gabon/Congo region that belong to a previously unrecognized genetic lineage. According to our estimates, this lineage, which we also encountered in the two most recent human outbreaks in the Republic of the Congo in 2003 and 2005, diverged from the previously known viruses around the time of the first documented human outbreak in 1976. These results suggest that virus spillover from the reservoir has occurred more than once, as predicted by the multiple emergence hypothesis. However, the young age of both ZEBOV lineages and the spatial and temporal sequence of outbreaks remain at odds with the idea that the virus simply emerged from a long-established and widespread reservoir population. Based on data from two ZEBOV genes, we also demonstrate, within the family Filoviridae , recombination between the two lineages. According to our estimates, this event took place between 1996 and 2001 and gave rise to a group of recombinant viruses that were responsible for a series of outbreaks in 2001–2003. The potential for recombination adds an additional level of complexity to unraveling and potentially controlling the emergence of ZEBOV in humans and wildlife species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isolates Of Zaire Ebolavirus From Wild Apes Reveal Genetic Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants

Wittmann

Biek

Hassanin

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

114

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“…Disease can be a major driver of population declines in mammals; for instance, mortality in Lowland Gorillas Gorilla gorilla owing to Ebola (exceeding 90% in some areas; [59]) precipitated a change in category from Endangered to Critically Endangered [60]. Disease has also emerged as a novel catalyst of rapid deteriorations in status for some species.…”

Section: Trends In Mammalian Extinction Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing fates of the world's mammals

Hoffmann

Belant

Chanson

et al. 2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

174

142

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Al Ain Wildlife Park and Resort, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesA recent complete assessment of the conservation status of 5487 mammal species demonstrated that at least one-fifth are at risk of extinction in the wild. We retrospectively identified genuine changes in extinction risk for mammals between 1996 and 2008 to calculate changes in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Index (RLI). Species-level trends in the conservation status of mammalian diversity reveal that extinction risk in large-bodied species is increasing, and that the rate of deterioration has been most accelerated in the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. Expanding agriculture and hunting have been the main drivers of increased extinction risk in mammals. Site-based protection and management, legislation, and captivebreeding and reintroduction programmes have led to improvements in 24 species. We contextualize these changes, and explain why both deteriorations and improvements may be under-reported. Although this study highlights where conservation actions are leading to improvements, it fails to account for instances where conservation has prevented further deteriorations in the status of the world's mammals. The continued utility of the RLI is dependent on sustained investment to ensure repeated assessments of mammals over time and to facilitate future calculations of the RLI and measurement against global targets.

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“…Lokoué) suggèrent des déclins importants de populations de grands singes (Walsh et al 2003 ;Bermejo et al 2006 ;Genton et al 2012). Il est difficile de mesurer plus précisément la mortalité due à des agents pathogènes comme…”

Section: Ebolavirusunclassified

Lignes directrices pour de meilleures pratiques en matière de suivi de la santé et de contrôle des maladies des populations de grands singes

Gilardi¹,

Gillespie²,

Leendertz³

et al. 2016

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Ebola Outbreak Killed 5000 Gorillas

Cited by 335 publications

References 7 publications

Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants

Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants

The changing fates of the world's mammals

Lignes directrices pour de meilleures pratiques en matière de suivi de la santé et de contrôle des maladies des populations de grands singes

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