Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins

Keski‐Rahkonen, Anna; Bulik, Cynthia M.; Pietiläinen, Kirsi H.; Rose, Richard J.; Kaprio, Jaakko; Rissanen, Aila

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602601

Cited by 59 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Specifically, in overweight individuals, food-cue exposure (i) elicited a stronger salivary response and (ii) evoked larger changes in desire to eat pizza and a non-cued food ('scrambled egg, chips and beans'). These findings are consistent with evidence that snacking and meal variability predict weight gain [43][44][45][46] and they expose 'cue reactiveness' as a potential predisposing factor for overweight.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…This is potentially important, because this sensitivity may encourage snacking behavior and variability in eating habits, and it may promote disinhibited eating, all of which are associated with increased energy intake, overweight and weight gain. [43][44][45][46] In relation to our failure to find differences in intake, one explanation is that the overweight group consciously limited their eating because they felt scrutinized under laboratory conditions. However, the prospect that cue exposure promotes the initiation of a meal and not its size is consistent with the observation that everyday portion sizes are not predicted by BMI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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‘I just can’t help myself’: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals

2010

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Objective: Even brief exposure to the sight and smell of food has been shown to increase reported appetite, initiate 'cephalic phase responses,' and increase planned and actual consumption. This experiment tested the hypothesis that overweight individuals are especially sensitive to these established effects of food-cue exposure. Design: Overweight (n ¼ 52) and normal-weight (n ¼ 52) participants were exposed to the sight and smell of a 'cued' food (pizza) for 60 s. Before and after this period, we assessed salivation, prospective (planned) portion size, and desire to eat pizza and other 'non-cued' foods. Participants were then offered ad libitum access to pizza. Results: Consistent with previous studies, food-cue exposure increased rated hunger and desire to eat, increased prospective portion size of all savory foods, and increased salivation. In overweight individuals, cue exposure (i) elicited a significantly greater salivary response and, (ii) evoked a significantly greater increase in desire to eat both the cued food and another non-cued food. Conclusion: After cue exposure, overweight individuals experience a greater motivation to consume food but do not desire or consume greater amounts of food. These findings are consistent with evidence that snacking and meal variability predict weight gain and they expose 'cue reactiveness' as a potential predisposing factor for overweight.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘I just can’t help myself’: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals

2010

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“…Although we selected individuals who were weight-stable, there may be others who are unable to maintain restraint in the face of physiological appetite stimulation, and they succumb to the overeating, weight cycling, or weight gain that characterize some populations of restrained eaters [6]. In identical twin pairs, a restrictive/overeating eating style predicted excess weight even when genetic background was controlled for [42]. Interestingly, restrained eaters are not consistently found to be in energy deficit [43], as documented by stable lifetime maximum weight in this study and resting energy expenditure in other studies [44][45][46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of cognitive restraint with ghrelin, leptin, and insulin levels in subjects who are not weight-reduced

Schur

Cummings

Callahan

et al. 2008

Physiology & Behavior

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Despite widespread efforts at weight loss, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise. Restrained eating is a pattern of attempted weight control characterized by cognitive restriction of food intake that has paradoxically been linked with overeating and/or weight gain. It is not known whether restrained eating is associated with abnormalities in appetite-regulating hormones, independent of its effects on body weight. To address this question, we assessed cognitive restraint using the ThreeFactor Eating Questionnaire and obtained fasting measurements of ghrelin, leptin and insulin from 24 healthy, nonobese (body mass index (BMI) 19.7 to 29.6 kg/m 2 ) adult subjects who were at a stable, lifetime maximum weight. We chose to study subjects at stable maximum weight to avoid the secondary effects of weight reduction on body weight-regulating hormones. Subjects were classified by cognitive restraint scale score into Low, Indeterminate, and High Restraint groups. Higher ghrelin levels were significantly associated with restraint in an unadjusted model (P = 0.004) and after adjustment for BMI (P = 0.007). No relationships were found between restraint scores and either leptin (P = 0.75) or insulin (P = 0.36). These findings show an orexigenic hormonal profile in restrained eaters, independent of changes in body weight.

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“…Information on the frequency of eating breakfast (every morning, about 3-4 mornings a week and once a week or less often) was obtained at all ages, but used only at 16 years. 23 Does dieting make you fat KH Pietiläinen et al Number of children. Information on the number of children (none, one, two or more) was obtained at age 25 years.…”

Section: Confounding Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does dieting make you fat? A twin study

et al. 2011

Self Cite

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Objective: To investigate whether the paradoxical weight gain associated with dieting is better related to genetic propensity to weight gain than to the weight loss episodes themselves. Subjects: Subjects included 4129 individual twins from the population-based FinnTwin16 study (90% of twins born in Finland 1975(90% of twins born in Finland -1979. Weight and height were obtained from longitudinal surveys at 16, 17, 18 and 25 years, and number of lifetime intentional weight loss (IWL) episodes of more than 5 kg at 25 years. Results: IWLs predicted accelerated weight gain and risk of overweight. The odds of becoming overweight (body mass index (BMI)X25 kg m À2 ) by 25 years were significantly greater in subjects with one (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6, and OR 2.7, 1.7-4.3 in males and females, respectively), or two or more (OR 2.0, 1.3-3.3, and OR 5.2, 3.2-8.6, in males and females, respectively), IWLs compared with subjects with no IWL. In MZ pairs discordant for IWL, co-twins with at least one IWL were 0.4 kg m À2 (P ¼ 0.041) heavier at 25 years than their non-dieting co-twins (no differences in baseline BMIs). In DZ pairs, co-twins with IWLs gained progressively more weight than non-dieting co-twins (BMI difference 1.7 kg m À2 at 16 years and 2.2 kg m À2 at 25 years, Po0.001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that frequent IWLs reflect susceptibility to weight gain, rendering dieters prone to future weight gain. The results from the MZ pairs discordant for IWLs suggest that dieting itself may induce a small subsequent weight gain, independent of genetic factors.

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Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins

Cited by 59 publications

References 31 publications

‘I just can’t help myself’: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals

‘I just can’t help myself’: effects of food-cue exposure in overweight and lean individuals

Association of cognitive restraint with ghrelin, leptin, and insulin levels in subjects who are not weight-reduced

Does dieting make you fat? A twin study

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