Eating Disorders: Problems of Contemporary Civilisation – A Review

Abstract

(Prof. E. Babicz-Zielińska) trition…, 2003]. Obesity is a chronic non-infectious disease, which signifi cantly deteriorates the quality of life, shortens its length and constitutes a risk factor for many other metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer of uterus, colon and breast cancer, hypertensive disease, degenerative arthritis, stroke and coronary heart disease. The increase in relative body mass index (BMI) by a single unit increases the risk of diabetes by 20-50% and the risk of cancer by 3-10% [Comparative quantifi cation..., 2004].According to estimates by WHO experts in the world more than 1 billion people have an excessive body weight, i.e. more than 300 million are obese and more than 750 million have overweight [World health statistics, 2010]. The overweight affects more men, and obesity more women, therefore women may experience more negative effects of excessive body fat. In Poland, the excessive body weight is observed in 40% to 60% of adults, depending on a survey, including obesity typical of 15% to 20% of adults [Wądołowska, 2009]. The occurrence of excessive weight among children and adolescents does not exceed 15%.The eating disorders seem to be very likely the social problem, even if the data on the extent of the irregularity is fragmented. The eating disorders have morbidity and mortality rates that are among the highest of any mental disorders [Herpertz-Dahlmann et al., 2012]. It is estimated that in the U.S. The eating disorders have been reviewed based on state-of-art of contemporary psychology, medicine and nutrition science, with a special emphasis put on different symptoms and forms, origins and testing methods. Among promoting eating disorders, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, night eating disorder, sleep-related eating disorder are among offi cially approved and investigated. Among disorders resulting from lack of acceptance of own appearance, anorexia nervosa and bigorexia nervosa are the most serious improper ones. Disorders arising from health care include orthorexia nervosa and recently pregorexia. Different origins of eating disorders are considered, divided into three groups: social, psychological and pathological. The desire to possess a slim shapely silhouette and young appearance, usually under pressure of a social group, may result in disorders such as anorexia nervosa, pregorexia, ageorexia, and bigorexia nervosa. On the other hand, the focusing on eating mainly the biologically pure food, being a purely psychological and individual problem, may be a source of orthorexia nervosa. Majority of disorders have a psychological background constituting the escape and an answer to everyday life problems diffi cult to overcome. Recently, pathology is often considered as an additional and important determinant, which may cause or enhance the appearance of binge eating or night eating disorder. The eating disorders, if not subject to proper therapy and advising, can tend to incline and develop. The further research in order to properly recognise the eating disorders,...

Validation of the Arabic version of the Disordered Eating Attitudes in Pregnancy Scale (A- DEAPS) among Lebanese pregnant women: A step closer to Pregorexia Awareness

“…Prevalence rates of disordered eating in pregnancy among our sample Our ndings revealed that within our sample, drawn from the Lebanese population, 5.8% of respondents were going through their pregnancies while most probably burdened with pregorexia-related eating attitudes, in consistence with the previously reported prevalence of 5% 21 17 . Thus, to decide on this issue, setting a cut-off point, in conformity with a blinded-specialist's diagnosis should interest future assessments of the A-DEAPS.…”

“…Besides, when it comes to pregorexia, the only documented prevalence worldwide is 5% 21 . Nevertheless, most healthcare professionals are unaware of this condition 6 .…”

Orthorexia nervosa: An integrative literature review of a lifestyle syndrome

“…A manual search was also conducted and one additional article (Nicolosi, 2006 ) was included from the reference list. The manual search involved checking the reference lists of the collected articles: previous review articles that solely focused on orthorexia (Brytek-Matera, 2012 ; Chaki, Pal, & Bandyopadhyay, 2013 ; Varga et al, 2013 ); review articles that included orthorexia in part, for instance, along with eating disorders (Babicz-Zielińska, Wądołowska, & Tomaszewski, 2013 ); and behavioural addictions (Marazziti et al, 2014 ), doctoral theses (McInerney-Ernst, 2011 ), and master's theses (Shah, 2012 ). The reference list in one doctoral thesis (Borgida, 2011 ) was not checked because this document could not be accessed.…”

Regional and socioeconomic variations in dietary patterns in a representative sample of young polish females: a cross-sectional study (GEBaHealth project)

“…dietary restraint practices [39,58]. Our previous studies showed that girls and young females may engage in explicit health behaviours [38,39], driven by psychological factors and are more prone to favour body image over health [59][60][61]. Hence a careful interpretation needs to be applied.…”