Eating behavior influences diet, weight, and central obesity in women after pregnancy

Associations of Waist-to-Height Ratio with Various Emotional and Irregular Eating, and Making Environment to Promote Eating in Japanese Adults: The Saku Cohort Study

“…While an association between various eating behaviors and a higher BMI or obesity or being overweight has been reported, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] the results of some eating behaviors remains controversial. 12,15 In addition, there are only a few studies focused on the relationship between eating behaviors and WHtR 26,27 and studies in adults are scarce.…”

“…For example, emotional eating in previous studies was expressed as an emotional eating score. 18,19 However, emotional eating includes several situations (stress and boredom, etc.). External eating also includes many situations such as extra eating of favorite foods…”

“…28 This questionnaire included 51 items regarding eating behaviors. After referring to previous studies examining the relationship between eating behaviors and BMI or WHtR, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]26,27 and a Dutch eating behavior questionnaire, 25 we selected 13 items from the JSSO questionnaire and categorized into emotional eating, irregularity of eating, eating fast, eating until full, and external eating (See Appendix). In addition, because it is suggested that the availability of foods at home has been positively associated with the actual consumption of foods among adolescents, 29 we chose four items from the JSSO questionnaire as "making environment to promote eating" (Appendix).…”

“…Previous studies in adults reported significant positive relationships between BMI/obesity/overweight/weight gain and following eating behaviors: emotional eating, 18,19 night eating, 21,22 eating between-meals, 23 eating fast, [12][13][14][15][16][17] eating until full 12,14 and external eating. 24 In addition, although the subjects were children, it has been reported that eating quickly demonstrated a positive relationship with WHtR, 27 which was consistent with our results.…”

“…16 Ohkuma et al 17 conducted a meta-analysis using 23 cross-sectional or longitudinal studies and concluded that eating quickly is positively associated with excess body weight. Other behaviors which have shown positive relationships with BMI or obesity or being overweight were emotional eating, 18,19 skipping breakfast, 20 night eating (awake during the night to eat) 21,22 and eating until full. 12,14 Eating between meals 23 and external eating 24 (eating in response to foodrelated stimuli, regardless of the internal state of hunger or satiety 25 ) were also associated with substantial weight gain.…”