EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience

Parnas, Josef; Møller, Paul; Kircher, Tilo; Thalbitzer, Jørgen; Jansson, Lennart; Hjorth, Peter; Zahavi, Dan

doi:10.1159/000088441

Cited by 641 publications

(535 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A body of phenomenological research, combining clinical exploration, empirical studies and philosophical perspectives, indicates that a disturbance of the basic sense of self is at the clinical core of the schizophrenia spectrum and may therefore function as a phenotypic trait marker of these disorders, including vulnerability not (yet) expressed at diagnosable levels [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. What exactly is being referred to "basic" sense of self?…”

Section: The Phenomenological Domain: Basic Self-disturbance In Schizmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sass and colleagues [32] and Madeira and colleagues [33,34] have found evidence of a prominence of EASE items (the main measure of basic self-disturbance [35]) in depersonalization disorder and in panic disorder respectively-as well as in certain intense forms of introspectionism [36]; and they argue that certain aspects of the basic-self alteration captured in the EASE (though not all) may result from dissociative and depersonalization processes, perhaps largely defensive in nature, that can also be found outside the schizophrenia spectrum. Other aspects of basic-self disturbance-perhaps rooted in a more foundational disturbance in the integration of perceptual systems, may be absent from these disorders outside the schizophrenia spectrum.…”

Section: The Phenomenological Domain: Basic Self-disturbance In Schizmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards integrating phenomenology and neurocognition: Possible neurocognitive correlates of basic self-disturbance in schizophrenia

Nelson

Sass

2017

Current Problems of Psychiatry

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Phenomenological research indicates that disturbance of the basic sense of self may be a core phenotypic marker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Basic self-disturbance refers to disruption of the sense of ownership of experience and agency of action and is associated with a variety of anomalous subjective experiences. Little is known about the neurocognitive correlates of basic selfdisturbance. In this paper, we review recent phenomenological and neurocognitive research and point to a convergence of these approaches around the concept of self-disturbance. Specifically, we propose that subjective anomalies associated with basic selfdisturbance may be associated with: 1. source monitoring deficits, which may contribute particularly to disturbances of "ownership" and "mineness" (the phenomenological notion of presence) and 2. aberrant salience, and associated disturbances of memory, prediction, and attention processes, which may contribute to hyper-reflexivity, disturbed "grip" or "hold" on the perceptual and conceptual field, and disturbances of intuitive social understanding ("common sense"). These two streams of research are reviewed in turn before considering ways forward in integrative models, particularly regarding the role of early neurodevelopmental disturbances, primary versus secondary disturbances, and the state versus trait nature of such pathology. Empirical studies are required in a variety of populations in order to test the proposed associations between phenomenological and neurocognitive aspects of self-disturbance in schizophrenia. An integration of findings across the phenomenological and neurocognitive domains would represent a significant advance in the understanding of schizophrenia and possibly enhance early identification and intervention strategies.

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Section: The Phenomenological Domain: Basic Self-disturbance In Schizmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Phenomenological Domain: Basic Self-disturbance In Schizmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards integrating phenomenology and neurocognition: Possible neurocognitive correlates of basic self-disturbance in schizophrenia

Nelson

Sass

2017

Current Problems of Psychiatry

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“…an increasing disruption between subjectivity and bodily experience where the schizophrenic person behaves like a soulless body, leading to initially normal cenestheasias being lived in hyperreflexive awareness and diminished self-awareness [37]. In studies using a scale for the phenomenological Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) [38] that include cenesthetic experiences overlapping with Huber"s cenesthopathies, self-disorders were more prevalent in adolescents meeting at-risk criteria for psychosis than in their non-psychotic helpseeking peers [39] and aggregated selectively in the schizophrenia spectrum [40]; however, prevalence of cenesthetic experiences was not reported specifically. The phenomenological view warrants that abnormal bodily experiences should be included as diagnostic hallmarks for schizophrenia [37].…”

Section: Cenesthopathy and Psychosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cenesthopathy in adolescence: An appraisal of diagnostic overlaps along the anxiety–hypochondriasis–psychosis spectrum

Simon

Borgwardt

Lang

et al. 2014

Comprehensive Psychiatry

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Objective: To discuss the diagnostic validity of unusual bodily perceptions along the spectrum from age-specific, often transitory and normal, to pathological phenomena in adolescence to hypochondriasis and finally to psychosis. Methods: Critical literature review of the cornerstone diagnostic groups along the spectrum embracing anxiety and cenesthopathy in adolescence, hypochondriasis, and cenesthopathy and psychosis, followed by a discussion of the diagnostic overlaps along this spectrum. Results: The review highlights significant overlaps between the diagnostic cornerstones. It is apparent that adolescents with unusual bodily perceptions may conceptually qualify for more than one diagnostic group along the spectrum. To determine whether cenesthopathies in adolescence mirror emerging psychosis, a number of issues need to be considered, i.e. age and mode of onset, gender, level of functioning and drug use. The role of overvalued ideas at the border between hypochondriasis and psychosis must be considered. Conclusion: As unusual bodily symptoms may in some instances meet formal psychosis risk criteria, a narrow understanding of these symptoms may lead to both inappropriate application of the new DSM-5 attenuated psychosis syndrome and of treatment selection. On the other hand, the possibility of a psychotic dimension of unusual bodily symptoms in adolescents must always be considered as most severe expression of the cenesthopathy spectrum. We would like to thank the reviewer for raising this important point. As we did not follow specific guidelines "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher et al., 2009), we agree with your comment that this a selective and not systematic review. Therefore, we now removed the term "systematic" and clearly state that this is a "critical" review. Furthermore, we have rephrased the methods in more detail on page 4, line 21, to page 5, line 9. We also acknowledge that including a discussion of somatization is an important aspect. This now features on page 9, lines 3 to 19. We did not include a discussion of the Briquet"s syndrome. This is a specific somatization disorder with multiple symptoms, and our above mentioned paragraph includes the general concept of somatization, thus also Briquet"s syndrome. We however now included the concept of somatic delusions in our section on "cenesthopathy and psychosis" that we have restructured substantially (see page 12, lines 13 to 24). We now also reference somatic delusions on page 16, line 7 (references 52 and 53). The main conclusion of the paper is that there is the risk that the DSM-5 attenuated psychosis syndrome may be over-diagnosed given the fact that unusual body experiences seem to be an aspecific feature of several disorders not only psychosis. I did not find a solid argument for this conclusion in the discussion. Also could the authors offer any suggestions to avoid this problem of overdiagnosis and propose alternate methods of assessment and appraisal of distortions ...

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“…C'est ainsi qu'apparaît le sentiment d'être manipulé, épié, mis à découvert, pris à partis, contraint, entravé, ou poursuivi par l'autre [9,10]. Parnas considère l'altération de la conscience préréflexive de soi et de la connivence préréflexive avec le monde ambiant comme un marqueur phénotypique de la vulnérabilité schizophrénique, présent tout au long de l'évolution de la maladie, même si elle est la plupart du temps masquée par les réorganisations dynamiques de l'expérience et de la conscience qui sont à l'origine des manifestations descriptibles [14,15].…”

Section: Qu'en Est-il Du Vécu Subjectif Et De La Relation Thérapeutiqunclassified

Psychoéducation et attitude phénoménologique en psychothérapie de groupe

Ledoux¹,

Cioltea²

2010

Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique

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EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience

Cited by 641 publications

References 16 publications

Towards integrating phenomenology and neurocognition: Possible neurocognitive correlates of basic self-disturbance in schizophrenia

Towards integrating phenomenology and neurocognition: Possible neurocognitive correlates of basic self-disturbance in schizophrenia

Cenesthopathy in adolescence: An appraisal of diagnostic overlaps along the anxiety–hypochondriasis–psychosis spectrum

Psychoéducation et attitude phénoménologique en psychothérapie de groupe

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