Earthworms affect decomposition of soil-borne plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a cover crop field experiment

Euteneuer, Pia; Wagentristl, Helmut; Steinkellner, Siegrid; Scheibreithner, Carina; Zaller, Johann G.

doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.02.020

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…There are several non-chemical, preventive weed control measures [58] such as a diversified crop rotation, which can reduce the need for herbicides [59], while cover crops and mulching can both suppress weed emergence and promote soil biota [60][61][62]. The environmental impacts of mechanical weed control compared to chemical weed control varies by crop type (mechanical weed control performs best in oilseed rape and maize) and herbicides used, but in every case it is superior in terms of toxic burden to humans and the environment [44,63]. In addition to a reduction in herbicide use, large annual GHG emissions can also be saved, e.g., in soybean production in the USA by biological pest control instead of insecticides [64].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, such combinations could also lead to synergistic effects between pesticides and increase the toxic risk to non-target species [77][78][79]. A simple way to reduce GHG emissions would be to eliminate the use of herbicides, as organic farming successfully demonstrates that farming without herbicides is economically feasible [63]. In any case, more accurate production-and use-related data would be needed to allow for a more accurate calculation of GHG emissions [67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pesticide Use and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sugar Beet, Apples, and Viticulture in Austria from 2000 to 2019

2022

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The production of synthetic pesticides is energy intensive and can emit even more greenhouse gases (GHG) per kg than the production of synthetic fertilizers. However, this aspect is largely neglected when it comes to agriculture’s contribution to GHG emissions. Using official pesticide sales data from Austria from 2000 to 2019, we analyzed (i) trends in insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide use and calculated production-related GHG emissions, and (ii) the share of pesticide-related versus fertilizer-related GHG emissions in three agricultural crops with different pesticide intensities: sugar beets, apples, and grapevines. We found that between 2000 and 2019, insecticide amounts increased by 58%, fungicide amounts increased by 29%, and herbicide amounts decreased by 29%; associated GHG emissions showed similar patterns. During the same period, acreage under conventional arable crops, orchards, and vineyards decreased by an average of 19%, indicating an increase in management intensity. In intensive apple production, GHG emissions associated with pesticide production and application accounted for 51% of total GHG emissions, in viticulture 37%, and in sugar beets 12%. We have shown that GHG emissions due to pesticide production and application can be significant, especially for pesticide-intensive crops. We therefore recommend that these pesticide-derived GHG emissions should also be attributed to the agricultural sector.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide Use and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sugar Beet, Apples, and Viticulture in Austria from 2000 to 2019

2022

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“…Most earthworm studies on herbicide effects have been conducted using epigeic compost worms (Eisenia species) [54,63,64] that is a surrogate species in environmental risk assessments [65,66] but commonly do not inhabit agroecosystems. Here, we wanted to test GBH/AI effects on L. terrestris, an anecic species, that indeed inhabits arable fields [41,67].…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthworms (Lumbricidae) constitute the majority of soil faunal biomass in many temperate agroecosystems with up to 1000 individuals and 300 g of biomass in each square metre of land [34,35]. They modulate agroecosystem function by affecting nutrient cycling and decomposing organic material [36,37], recovering soil carbon pools after disturbance [38], maintaining soil microbial diversity [39,40], controlling plant pathogens [41][42][43], influencing water infiltration, and interacting with above ground organisms [44][45][46][47]. Thus, any herbicide-induced effect on earthworm activity will impact these ecosystem functions and influence water infiltration, and the binding and leaching of glyphosate [48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

et al. 2021

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Background Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most often used pesticides. The hundreds of GBHs used worldwide consist of the active ingredient (AI) glyphosate in form of different salts, possibly other AIs, and various mostly undisclosed co-formulants. Pesticide risk assessments are commonly performed using single AIs or GBHs at standard soil conditions without vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, we established a weed population with common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) to examine the effects of three GBHs (Roundup LB Plus, Roundup PowerFlex, Touchdown Quattro) and their corresponding AIs (salts of glyphosate isopropylammonium, potassium, diammonium) on the activity and physiological biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase, GST; acetylcholine esterase, AChE) of an ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris). GBHs and AIs were applied at recommended doses; hand weeding served as control. Experiments were established with two soil types differing in organic matter content (SOM; 3.0% vs. 4.1%) and other properties. Results Earthworm activity (casting and movement activity) decreased after application of glyphosate formulations or active ingredients compared to hand weeding. We found no consistent pattern that formulations had either higher or lower effects on earthworm activity than their active ingredients; rather, differences were substance-specific. Earthworm activity was little affected by soil organic matter levels. Biomarkers remained unaffected by weed control types; GST but not AChE was decreased under high SOM. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was interactively affected by weed control types and SOM. Leachate amount was higher after application of formulations than active ingredients and was higher under low SOM. Glyphosate concentrations in soil and leachate were strongly affected by application of formulations or active ingredients and varied with SOM (significant weed control type x SOM interaction). Conclusions We found that both commercial formulations and pure active ingredients can influence earthworms with consequences on important soil functions. Glyphosate products showed increased, reduced or similar effects than pure glyphosate on particular soil functions; soil properties can substantially alter this. Especially at lower SOM, heavy rainfalls could lead to more glyphosate leaching into water bodies. A full disclosure of co-formulants would be necessary to further decipher their specific contributions to these inconsistent effects.

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“…It infects more than 400 plant species from different plant families causes a disease called white mold. [34] The most important hosts of this species are sunflower, oil seed rape, tobacco, soybeans, cabbage and cucumbers. S. sclerotiorum considered the most important disease causing stalk rot of soybean, and can significantly reduce the quality and quantity of yield and increase economic damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rapid Microwave Induced Synthesis of Isonicotinamide Derivatives and their Antifungal Activity

Bušić

Vrandečić

Siber

et al. 2019

Croat. chem. acta (Online)

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Ten novel isonicotinamide derivatives were prepared by quaternization reactions of isonicotinamide with methyl iodide and nine differently substituted 2-bromoacetophenones under rapid microwave irradiation of 10 minutes. The microwave preparations were significantly faster and with yields higher up to 8 times, than the preparations by conventional method. The structures of synthesized molecules were determined by one-and two-dimensional NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Antifungal activity of all compounds was tested in two different concentrations (10 and 100 µg mL -1 ) against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro. From the antifungal assay it can be seen that the most prepared compounds have moderate to weak activity against M. phaseolina and F. culmorum. A very high inhibitory rate was observed against S. sclerotiorum, 62-87.5 % in concentration of 10 µg mL -1 and 83.7-93.2 % in concentration of 100 µg mL -1 .

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Earthworms affect decomposition of soil-borne plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a cover crop field experiment

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Pesticide Use and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sugar Beet, Apples, and Viticulture in Austria from 2000 to 2019

Pesticide Use and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sugar Beet, Apples, and Viticulture in Austria from 2000 to 2019

Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

A Rapid Microwave Induced Synthesis of Isonicotinamide Derivatives and their Antifungal Activity

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