Earthworm as a potential protein resource

Sun, Zhenjun; Xian-chun, Liu; Sun, Li‐Hui; Chunyang, Song

doi:10.1080/03670244.1997.9991517

Cited by 51 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The proximate analyses for earthworms, mealworm larvae, superworms, waxworms, and crickets are similar to previous reports in the literature [Jones et al, 1972;Martin et al, 1976;Pennino et al, 1991;Barker, 1997;Zhenjun et al, 1997;Barker et al, 1998]. As expected, cricket nymphs contained more moisture and less fat and protein than adult crickets.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…In general, feeding trials using house fly larvae, pupae, Mormon crickets, house crickets, various lepidoteran larvae, and earthworms show good growth for both rats and chickens, and suggest that insect protein is readily available, with protein-quality values similar to or slightly higher than those of fish meal or soybean meal [Calvert et al, 1969;Teotia and Miller, 1974;Ocio and Vinaras, 1979;DeFoliart et al, 1982;Dreyer and Wehmeyer, 1982;Lin et al, 1983;Finke et al, 1984Finke et al, , 1987Finke et al, , 1989Phelps, 1985;Landry et al, 1986;Nakagaki et al, 1987;Zhenjun et al, 1997]. However, in five separate studies (three using silkworm pupal meal [Ichhponani and Malik, 1971;Fagoonee, 1983;Rao, 1994], one using house fly larval meal [Onifade et al, 2001], and one using eastern tent caterpillar meal [Finke, 1984]), dried-insect meals produced poor results.…”

Section: Finkementioning

confidence: 97%

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Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

2002

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A variety of invertebrates are commonly fed to insectivorous animals by both zoos and hobbyists, but information as to the nutrient composition of most commercially raised species is limited. Adult house crickets, house cricket nymphs (Acheta domesticus), superworms (Zophobas morio larvae), giant mealworm larvae, mealworm larvae and adult mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), waxworm larvae (Galleria mellonella), and silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Earthworms (Lumbricus terresstris) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, ADF, NDF, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins A and D 3 . Proximate analyses were variable, with wide ranges found for moisture (57.9-83.6%), crude protein (9.3-23.7%), crude fat (1.6-24.9%), ADF (0.1-7.4%), NDF (0.0-11.5%), and ash (0.6-1.2%). Energy content ranged from a low of 674 kcal/kg for silkworms to 2,741 kcal/kg for waxworms.Using an amino acid scoring pattern for rats, the first limiting amino acid for all invertebrates tested was the total sulfur amino acid methionine+cystine. Deficiencies by nutrient (% of samples deficient vs. NRC requirements for rats on a dry matter (DM) basis) were as follows: calcium (100%), vitamin D 3 (100%), vitamin A (89%), vitamin B 12 (75%), thiamin (63%), vitamin E (50%), iodine (44%), manganese (22%), methioninecystine (22%), and sodium (11%). Deficiencies by invertebrate species (number of nutrients deficient vs. the NRC requirements for rats on a DM basis) were as follows: waxworms (9), superworms (8), giant mealworm larvae (7), adult mealworms (6), mealworm larvae (5), adult house crickets (4), house cricket nymphs (4), silkworms (4), and earthworms (4). These data provide a basis for determining nutrient intake of captive insectivores, and will aid in the development of gut-loading diets to provide captive insectivorous animals with appropriate levels of necessary nutrients. Zoo Biol 21: 269-285, 2002.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Finkementioning

confidence: 97%

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

2002

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“…, 1993). Moreover, Zhenjun et al. (1997) suggested that earthworm could be of a great nutritional interest for human food.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physico‐chemical characterisation of a non‐conventional food protein source from earthworms and sensory impact in arepas

Cayot

Bou-Maroun

et al. 2009

Int J of Food Sci Tech

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This study aimed to characterise a non-conventional protein source: a powder made from earthworms, and to evaluate its potential use as human food. The way it was prepared led to low solubility and wide particle size distribution. Sensory analysis was used to assess the acceptability and the organoleptic properties of maize-based pan-cakes fortified with this novel protein powder. Satisfying products were obtained with a substitution level of 5.5% (w ⁄ w) earthworm powder in pan-cakes. GC-MS allowed the identification of more than seventy volatile compounds that may be responsible for the off-odour of the powder. The most abundant chemical groups found in the volatile fraction were ketones with undecan-2-one, alcohols with pentan-1-ol, and aldehydes with hexanal. Partial delipidation was tested as a way to improve the organoleptic quality of the powder. It clearly led to less intensely coloured samples but delipidation must be optimised to have an impact on odour.

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“…In the literature, earthworms are generally described as resources with high protein content and protein quality but these parameters have been shown to differ according to earthworm species and, to a lesser extent, the feed substrate (Tacon et al, 1983;Stafford and Tacon, 1984;Sun et al, 1997;Changguo et al, 2006;Sogbesan et al, 2007;Dong et al, 2010;Tuan, 2010). There are several reports that demonstrate the suitability of various earthworm species as components of aqua feeds while others suggest that single earthworm species can have negative effects on the growth and health of fish.…”

Section: Earthworms As a Feed Resourcementioning

confidence: 99%

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Pucher¹,

Ngoc²,

ThiHanhYen³

et al. 2014

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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It was evaluated whether earthworm meal can fully replace fishmeal in supplemental feeds for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that also feed on natural food resources in semi-intensive aquaculture. A net cage trial (32 nets) was carried out using three iso-nitrogenous feeds fed to common carp either at a level of 10 g/kg 0.8 metabolic body mass (5 fish per cage) or 20 g/kg 0.8 metabolic body mass (10 fish per cage). In feeds, fishmeal protein was replaced by 0 %, 50 % or 100 % of protein from sun dried earthworms (Perionyx excavatus). At both stocking densities, control groups of fish fed only on natural food resources. The growth rate of fish increased with rising replacement of fishmeal by earthworm meal at both feeding rates. Large zooplankton were the predominant natural food resource. With increasing availability of large zooplankton, sun dried earthworm meal in plant-based supplemental feeds seemed better able to meet the nutritional requirements of common carp than fishmeal. Integration of earthworm production (vermin culture) into small-scale farms in developing countries may open the possibility for farmers in rural areas to engage in semi-intensive aquaculture by using earthworms as a feed ingredient in supplemental feeds for common carp.

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Earthworm as a potential protein resource

Cited by 51 publications

References 16 publications

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

Physico‐chemical characterisation of a non‐conventional food protein source from earthworms and sensory impact in arepas

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