Earthquakes on Dipping Faults: The Effects of Broken Symmetry

Oglesby, D. D.; Archuleta, Ralph J.; Nielsen, S. B.

doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1055

Cited by 219 publications

(230 citation statements)

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“…Finite element methods (FEM) overcome some of these computational challenges, and have been successfully applied to rupture problems (Oglesby et al, 1998;Aagaard et al, 2001;Ma and Liu, 2006;Moczo et al, 2007). In contrast to BIEM, the entire volume is discretized, not just the faults.…”

Section: Related Work On Seismic Wave Propagation and Dynamic Rupturementioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Dynamic Earthquake Ruptures in Complex Geometries Using High-Order Finite Difference Methods

2012

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We develop a stable and high-order accurate finite difference method for problems in earthquake rupture dynamics capable of handling complex geometries and multiple faults. The bulk material is an isotropic elastic solid cut by preexisting fault interfaces. The fields across the interfaces are related through friction laws which depend on the sliding velocity, tractions acting on the interface, and state variables which evolve according to ordinary differential equations involving local fields.The method is based on summation-by-parts finite difference operators with irregular geometries handled through coordinate transforms and multi-block meshes. Boundary conditions as well as block interface conditions (whether frictional or otherwise) are enforced weakly through the simultaneous approximation term method, resulting in a provably stable discretization.The theoretical accuracy and stability results are confirmed with the method of manufactured solutions. The practical benefits of the new methodology are illustrated in a simulation of a subduction zone megathrust earthquake, a challenging application problem involving complex free-surface topography, nonplanar faults, and varying material properties.

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Section: Related Work On Seismic Wave Propagation and Dynamic Rupturementioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Dynamic Earthquake Ruptures in Complex Geometries Using High-Order Finite Difference Methods

2012

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“…Its maximum slip is located at the up-dip end, that is, where the fault intersects the free surface. Theoretical and numerical backgrounds for this half-crack model can be found in related studies (Rudnicki and Wu, 1995;Oglesby et al, 1998;Geist and Dmowska, 1999), whereas only in this study is this model systematically applied for understanding deformation induced by surface-breaking megathrust earthquakes. An intermediate type of rupture, characterized by incipient slip at the surface and major slip at depth, is not considered in this study.…”

Section: Full-crack and Half-crack Conceptual Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, large shallow slip does not require frictional weakening of the megathrust all the way to the surface (Kozdon and Dunham, 2013). The free surface has at least three different effects that promote large shallow slip along a thrust fault (Oglesby et al, 1998;Huang et al, 2012;Kozdon and Dunham, 2013;Xu, Fukuyama, et al, 2015): permanent unclamping of the fault behind the rupture front, additional stress drop caused by reflected waves, and small resistance to slip at the fault's intersection with the surface (due to the small magnitudes of initial stress and cohesion compared to the dynamic stress changes). Regarding the third effect, sudden amplification of fault slip is often observed as the rupture just breaks the free surface.…”

Section: Full-crack and Half-crack Conceptual Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1a). As for the stiffer (with more mass) footwall side, the maximum displacement is located with some distance from the free surface, to compensate the larger displacement on the hanging wall near the surface (the more compliant hanging wall needs to deform more to sustain a force balance against the stiffer footwall, see Oglesby et al, 1998). As a result, the partitioned displacement on the footwall tapers from its maximum toward both up-dip and down-dip directions (e.g., see the dashed green curve marked as U f in Fig.…”

Section: Full-crack and Half-crack Conceptual Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simple Crack Models Explain Deformation Induced by Subduction Zone Megathrust Earthquakes

Xu¹,

Fukuyama²,

Yue³

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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Following the 2010 Maule and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes, many studies have examined the relation between megathrust earthquakes and subsequent deformation. Here, we apply simple models based on mode II shear cracks, including approximated effects of the free surface to study induced deformation during coseismic and early postseismic stages. We distinguish between buried and surface ruptures represented by a full-crack and a half-crack model, respectively. We adopt an analogybased approach to interpret the half-crack model from well-known results of the full-crack model, which is also validated by our numerical simulations. With transferable knowledge between the two models, we provide easy ways to understand (1) the contrasting deformation patterns in the frontal wedge of the overriding plate between buried ruptures and surface ruptures, (2) the correlation between triggered outer-rise normal faulting and surface ruptures, and (3) the similar deformation patterns for both buried and surface ruptures toward the down-dip end, with a preference for normal faulting in the overriding plate and for reverse faulting in the subducting plate. These model outcomes are consistent with several recent observations on aftershocks and veins in a paleoaccretionary wedge. We further investigate some important transient features during rupture propagation which show that a transition from compressional to extensional deformation in the frontal wedge of the overriding plate is possible even during a single rupture event. Our work provides alternative views for understanding various aspects of subduction zone megathrust earthquakes and raises the issue of important transient features that were typically ignored in previous studies.

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“…It thus misses aspects of three-dimensional fault behavior, such as the asymmetry between the hanging wall and footwall [Brune, 2001;Oglesby et al, 1998]. It does, however, capture a richness of along-strike variations resulting from stress enhancement and shadows in the interaction of faults.…”

Section: The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initiation propagation and termination of elastodynamic ruptures associated with segmentation of faults and shaking hazard

Shaw¹

2006

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Using a model of a complex fault system, we examine the initiation, propagation, and termination of ruptures and their relationship to fault geometry and shaking hazard. We find concentrations of epicenters near fault step overs and ends; concentrations of terminations near fault ends; and persistent propagation directivity effects. Taking advantage of long sequences of dynamic events, we directly measure shaking hazards, such as peak ground acceleration exceedance probabilities, without need for additional assumptions. This provides a new tool for exploring shaking hazard from a physics-based perspective, its dependence on various physical parameters, and its correlation with other geological and seismological observables. Using this capability, we find some significant aspects of the shaking hazard can be anticipated by measures of the epicenters. In particular, asymmetries in the relative peak ground motion hazard along the faults appear well correlated with asymmetries in epicentral locations.

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Earthquakes on Dipping Faults: The Effects of Broken Symmetry

Cited by 219 publications

References 10 publications

Simulation of Dynamic Earthquake Ruptures in Complex Geometries Using High-Order Finite Difference Methods

Simulation of Dynamic Earthquake Ruptures in Complex Geometries Using High-Order Finite Difference Methods

Simple Crack Models Explain Deformation Induced by Subduction Zone Megathrust Earthquakes

Initiation propagation and termination of elastodynamic ruptures associated with segmentation of faults and shaking hazard

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