Earthquakes and tsunami

Becker, Julia; McBride, Sara K.; Vinnell, Lauren J.; Saunders, Wendy; Leonard, Graham; Sullivan, Timothy J.; Gledhill, Ken

doi:10.4324/9780367854584-4

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Despite the fact that there were no reported fatalities, the earthquake severely damaged eight primary schools close to the epicentre. But the tragedy has had lasting psychological effects on students (Becker et al, 2022).…”

Section: Simplified Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as technology has advanced, earthquake early warning has emerged as a life-saving safeguard in many earthquake-prone countries (Pessiki, 2017). Depending on the country and considering the geography, built environment, and social and cultural contexts, adverse earthquake and tsunami impacts can be reduced through land-use planning, engineering, mitigation and preparedness, emergency planning, warnings, and exercises (Becker et al, 2022).…”

Section: Simplified Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydro dams in Malaysia, for example, include the Pergau Dam in Kelantan, the Kenyir Dam in Terengganu, and the Bakun Dam in Sarawak. According to Becker et al (2022), hydropower is one of the most powerful developments for power generation. The paper demonstrated that certain developed countries rely solely on hydropower for power supply.…”

Section: Simplified Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behaviour of Earth Fill Dam under Earthquake Load Using Finite Element Method: A Case Study of Semenyih Dam

Ismail¹,

Akmat²,

Faisal³

et al. 2022

JSCET

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In this project, an earth-fill dam in Selangor which is Semenyih Dam, a major dam in the Klang Valley with a capacity of 60.6 million cubic metres, a height of 49 metres, and a crest length of reservoir embankment of 830 metres, is being used as a study subject. The Finite Element Method was used in this work to assess the stress and deformation of Semenyih Dam, an earth dam in Selangor that was resting under hydrostatic pressure. The second objective is to study the Semenyih dam’s seismic response due to the Ranau Earthquake loading. The analysis of the Semenyih Dam’s structural performance under historical seismic loading from the Ranau Earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of 0.013g was done using the LUSAS Modeller 14.3 software. As a result, it was discovered that the dam’s deformation and displacement caused by the Ranau earthquake with hydrostatic pressure was larger, at 5.33 mm, as opposed to 1.822 mm when there was no hydrostatic pressure. The dam’s deformation is different in the two scenarios. When the Ranau earthquake combined with hydrostatic pressure, the dam deformed significantly. From the bottom of the dam to the top, there was an increase in stress distribution. Both hydrostatic pressure and an earthquake would put further strain on the dam. Semenyih Dam’s maximum stress is 189.152 N/m2 (with hydrostatic pressure), 27.4948 N/m2 (without hydrostatic pressure), which are less than the silty clay’s 290 kN/m2 allowable stress capacity. According to the investigation, when a dam is subjected to a variety of loads and forces, the stress distribution within it increases.

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Section: Simplified Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simplified Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simplified Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Behaviour of Earth Fill Dam under Earthquake Load Using Finite Element Method: A Case Study of Semenyih Dam

Ismail¹,

Akmat²,

Faisal³

et al. 2022

JSCET

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“…Devastating earthquakes and tsunamis claimed nearly 750,000 lives worldwide over a time span of only two decades (1998 to 2017) [Becker et al, 2022]. Collateral damage included more than 125 million people injured, left homeless, or evacuated.…”

Section: Chapter 1 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modelling of Aftershock Sequences, Volcano-Tectonic Interactions, and Pandemic Propagation

Gunatilake¹

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The mystery of the dominant mechanism driving aftershocks is almost 130 years old. In 1894, Omori first empirically established that the rate of aftershocks for most aftershock sequences decreases approximately as 1/time. This is known as Omori's law. Many other empirical fits have been attempted, but the most commonly cited manifestation of this law is the modified Omori-Utsu Law, which can fit most aftershock sequences using fitting parameters that include aftershock productivity and a time lag until the onset of a power law decay in time. Few physical models exist, but the one most relevant to this thesis was first proposed in 1972 by Nur and Booker, who suggested that the high-pressure fluid induced by stress drops during an earthquake could trigger subsequent seismicity by reducing the effetive normal stress of neighboring regions. Recent studies showed that a physical, fluid-based model can successfully reproduce Omori-type behavior by arguing that the aftershock decay rate reflects the tectonic ability to heal the co-seismically generated permeable network. More precisely, the mainshock creates permeable networks that provide escape pathways for high-pressure fluids and generate aftershocks along these flow paths. Like dominoes, the aftershocks create new pathways. Postseismic deformation and chemical precipitation processes reseal the permeable network and influence aftershock decay rates. However, not all earthquake sequences follow the typical Omori behavior; some examples are the 2011 Tohoku earthquake sequence (Mw 9.1) in northern Japan, the 2016 Amatrice-Visso-Norcia (AVN) earthquake sequence in the central Apennines in Italy (Mw 6.5), and the 2014 Iquique earthquake sequence in Chile (Mw 8.1). These earthquakes triggered hundreds of thousands of aftershocks in the first year and showed dramatic differences in aftershock rates along strike, with non-Omori type aftershock behavior. In this thesis, I present a hypothesis for a fluid-driven aftershock cycle in which the differential decay rate is explained by continuous fluid source generation through thermal decomposition. The spread of the COVID19 virus first demonstrates the importance of an internal source. Using a non-linear diffusion model with a source term, I calculate the diffusion of infection pressure through a porous society. The internal source mimics the ongoing transmission of the virus from a human to a human. In earthquake physics, dehydration and decarbonization of H2O and CO2 at depth provide continuous fluid sources that trigger thousands of aftershocks. Using the non-linear diffusion model, I compare the temporal and spatial evolution of the 2016 earthquake-rich AVN sequence with numerically triggered aftershocks and show that aftershocks are driven by co-seismically generated (high-pressure) fluid sources through thermal decomposition. Earthquakes without trapped fluid sources at depth or without thermal decomposition generate few, if any, aftershocks. The spatial distribution of evolving high-pressure fluid required developing a 3D dimensional model that includes (i) high-pressure fluid generation by thermal decomposition and (ii) the dynamics of permeability that plays a significant role. Higher permeability allows flow paths to remain open for extended periods of time, contribute to the aftershock sequence, and strongly influence the spatial and temporal variation of aftershocks. In this work, I show excellent spatial and temporal correlations between model results and observations for the AVN (2016) and L'Aquila (2009) earthquake sequences in the Apennines. Furthermore, seismic activity opens pre-existing vertical fractures that provide pathways for upwelling high-temperature magma, which is beneficial for geothermal production. The interplay between the penultimate eruption of Japan's Aso volcano in 2016, the associated Kumamoto sequence, and its impact on local geothermal power plants are explored using a nonlinear advection/diffusion model for pore pressure and heat flow. The results interpretations of the model presented in this thesis have potentially far-reaching implications in geophysics, geodynamics, and earthquake physics.

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Integrating predictive modeling techniques with geospatial data for landslide susceptibility assessment in northern Pakistan

Asghar,

Su,

Zhao

et al. 2023

J. Mt. Sci.

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Earthquakes and tsunami

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Behaviour of Earth Fill Dam under Earthquake Load Using Finite Element Method: A Case Study of Semenyih Dam

Behaviour of Earth Fill Dam under Earthquake Load Using Finite Element Method: A Case Study of Semenyih Dam

Numerical Modelling of Aftershock Sequences, Volcano-Tectonic Interactions, and Pandemic Propagation

Integrating predictive modeling techniques with geospatial data for landslide susceptibility assessment in northern Pakistan

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