Earthquake magnitude — recent research and current trends

Båth, Markus

doi:10.1016/0012-8252(81)90014-3

Cited by 133 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 230 publications

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“…A typical relation is [Bath, 1981] Hills and Goda [1993] also discuss the earthquake energy produced by impacts. However, their equations seem to neglect the low efficiency of coupling of the impact energy into the seismic wave energy, although they point out in their text that the efficiency is probably low.…”

Section: Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets

Toon¹,

Zahnle²,

Morrison³

et al. 1997

Reviews of Geophysics

388

216

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Abstract. We review the major impact-associated mechanisms proposed to cause extinctions at the Cretaceous-Tertiary geological boundary. We then discuss how the proposed extinction mechanisms may relate to the environmental consequences of asteroid and comet impacts in general. Our chief goal is to provide relatively simple prescriptions for evaluating the importance of impacting objects over a range of energies and compositions, but we also stress that there are many uncertainties. We conclude that impacts with energies less than about 10 Mt are a negligible hazard. For impacts with energies above 10 Mt and below about 10 4 Mt (i.e., impact frequencies less than one in 6 x 10 4 years, correspond- Recent debate about the damage that could be caused by asteroids and comets striking Earth [Chapman

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Section: Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bath [1981] provides an expression for the area A e over which an intensity I (in the modified Mercalli scale) earthquake would occur based on data from Sweden. An I = 9 earthquake is one in which the ground is cracked, buildings are shifted off their foundations, and even specially designed buildings are damaged.…”

Section: Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets

Toon¹,

Zahnle²,

Morrison³

et al. 1997

Reviews of Geophysics

388

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Gutenberg 1945, Gutenberg &Richter 1956) extended the magnitude scale to earthquakes worldwide and developed various empirical scales. One of the most widely used scales is the surfacewave magnitude Ms, which is defined by the amplitude of surface waves with a period of about 20 s. (For more details on magnitude scales, see Geller & Kanamori 1977, Bath 1981, Abe 1981, Chung & Bernreuter 1981, Kanamori 1983 An important empirical relation is the magnitude-energy relation obtained by Gutenberg & Richter (1956) log E s = 1.5M s + 11.8,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rupture Process of Subduction-Zone Earthquakes

Kanamori¹

1986

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

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“…The non-linearity seen in cumulative graphs, which has lead several authors to suggest alternative functions for such graphs [see Bath (1981) for a review], is due to sampling effects and will be discussed later. Given the basic compatibility of all three distributions, the integer cumulative definition is our preferred model, as it can describe the distribution at all scales, is independent of interval choice and embodies the hierarchial nature of power-law distributions.…”

Section: N=~n=n>_-n~+a~=u B_(u +Su) -~mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, if N is restricted to integer values of 1 or more, then the maximum value will be determined by N = 1, and the distribution is bounded at the large scale. Bath (1981) has suggested that (3) is the best description of the true earthquake magnitude distribution. The cumulative distribution derived in Baths paper from (3) is non-linear, however, a linear log-interval distribution can be derived from the integer cumulative definition (1).…”

Section: N=~n=n>_-n~+a~=u B_(u +Su) -~mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sampling power-law distributions

1995

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Power-law distributions describe many phenomena related to rock fracture. Data collected to measure the parameters of such distributions only represent samples from some underlying population. Without proper consideration of the scale and size limitations of such data, estimates of the population parameters, particularly the exponent D, are likely to be biased. A Monte Carlo simulation of the sampling and analysis process has been made, to test the accuracy of the most common methods of analysis and to quantify the confidence interval for D. The cumulative graph is almost always biased by the scale limitations of the data and can appear non-linear, even when the sample is ideally power law. An iterative correction procedure is outlined which is generally successful in giving unbiased estimates of D. A standard discrete frequency graph has been found to be highly inaccurate, and its use is not recommended. The methods normally used for earthquake magnitudes, such as a discrete frequency graph of logs of values and various maximum likelihood formulations can be used for other types of data, and with care accurate results are possible. Empirical equations are given for the confidence limits on estimates of D, as a function of sample size, the scale range of the data and the method of analysis used. The predictions of the simulations are found to match the results from real sample D-value distributions. The application of the analysis techniques is illustrated with data examples from earthquake and fault population studies.

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Earthquake magnitude — recent research and current trends

Cited by 133 publications

References 230 publications

Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets

Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets

Rupture Process of Subduction-Zone Earthquakes

Sampling power-law distributions

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