Earthquake Generated Tsunami in the Indian Ocean and Probable Vulnerability Assessment for the East Coast of India

Abstract

The tsunami hazard for the east coast of India is assessed. The Sumatra-Andaman 1300 km long fault is divided into five segments, each segment assumed to have different fault parameters. The initial vertical displacement of the sea bottom is calculated with the Mansinha and Smylie algorithm. Modeling of tsunami amplitude, travel time, run-up and directivity has been done. We compared simulated tsunami travel times and elevation with data measured at tide gauges and coastal runup. The model results show that the distribution of maximum amplitude in the Indian Ocean basin is primarily controlled by the classical effects of the directivity and by refraction and focusing along bathymetric features. The results suggest 7-8 m run up height at Nagapatanam, Tamil Nadu, which was the worst affected region in the mainland of India during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

Ground Motion Simulation for Earthquakes in Sumatran Region

“…The estimated cost of reconstruction amounted to at least US$ 7.5 billion. Following this earthquake, many researchers have worked on various aspects like the rupture process [3][4][5] , modelling tsunami wave characteristics [6][7][8] , deterministic hazards and vulnerability assessment due to the tsunami generated from the region 9,10 , etc. With regard to ground motion simulation, Sørensen 11 employed a hybrid method to simulate peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity contours.…”

Emergency preparedness in the case of Makran tsunami: a case study on tsunami risk visualization for the western parts of Gujarat, India

“…It could be due to the fact that Mumbai offshore is shallower that Goa and also due to the directivity of tsunami wave propagation. It is well known that most of the tsunami's energy travels perpendicular to the strike of the fault which is due to directivity (Ben-Menahem & Rosenman 1972;Singh et al 2012). Due to this effect, most of the tsunami energy propagates in the direction shown in figure 3.…”

“…Tsunami is a phenomenon of gravity waves produced in consequence of movement of the ocean floor. The giant tsunami in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004, claiming more than 225,000 lives (Titov et al 2005;Geist et al 2006;Okal & Synolakis 2008, Singh et al 2012, has emphasized the urgent need for tsunami emergency response systems for various vulnerable coastlines around the world, especially for those neighbouring the Indian Ocean. The second deadliest tsunami prior to 2004 in South Asia occurred on 28 November 1945 (Heck 1947;Dominey-Howes et al 2007;Heidarzadeh et al 2007;Jaiswal et al 2009;Hoffmann et al 2013).…”

Implication of source models on tsunami wave simulations for 2004 (Mw 9.2) Sumatra earthquake

“…Corresponding maximum ground residual displacement (GRD) is reported as 1700 cm. Later, there were various attempts to estimate the tsunami hazard and vulnerability, in light of this event (Singh et al 2012;Roshan et al 2016). It is noted that these studies performed deterministic analysis considering only idealized source segments in arriving at the hazard estimates.…”