Earthquake forerunners in a selected area of Northern Italy: recent developments in automatic geochemical monitoring

Martinelli, Giovanni; Ferrari, Graziano

doi:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90348-v

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Normally, the emissions show thermal reequilibration with the surrounding rock in the faulted Apennine mountains. However, during less frequent violent eruptions, when explosions of mud, brackish waters, petroleum, and gas occur, chemically anomalous waters and gases have been found [Martinelli and Ferrari, 1991]. In the eastern part of the Po plain, these researchers find active fluid and gas venting a useful precursor for earthquakes, with the water increasing in temperature relative to background values.…”

Section: A18 Western Alps and Apennines/italymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[103] Certain MVs in the Po plain, in the southeastward prolongation of the ancient MV occurrences, have recently emitted gas and liquids during local seismic activity [Martinelli and Ferrari, 1991;Martinelli et al, 1995]. More recently, Conti et al [2000] concluded from their chemical data on fluids that brine-type compositions indicate deep-seated tectonic features allowing upward migration.…”

Section: A18 Western Alps and Apennines/italymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Significance of Mud Volcanism

Kopf

2002

Reviews of Geophysics

737

646

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Mud volcanism and diapirism have puzzled geoscientists for ∼2 centuries. They have been described onshore and offshore in many places on Earth, and although they occur in various tectonic settings, the majority of the features known to date are located in compressional tectonic scenarios. This paper summarizes the main thrusts in mud volcano research as well as the various regions in which mud volcanism has been described. Mud volcanoes show variable geometry (up to tens of kilometers in diameter and several hundred meters in height) and a great diversity regarding the origin of the fluid and solid phases. Gas (predominantly methane), water, and mud may be mobilized at subbottom depth of only a few meters but, in places, can originate from several kilometers depth (with minor crustal or mantle input). The possible contribution of mud extrusion to global budgets, both from quiescent fluid emission and from the extrusive processes themselves, is important. In regions where mud volcanoes are abundant, such as the collision zones between Africa and Eurasia, fluid flux through mud extrusion exceeds the compaction‐driven pore fluid expulsion of the accretionary wedge. Also, quiescent degassing of mud volcanoes may contribute significantly to volatile budgets and, hence, to greenhouse climate.

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Section: A18 Western Alps and Apennines/italymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A18 Western Alps and Apennines/italymentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Mud Volcanism

Kopf

2002

Reviews of Geophysics

737

646

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Mellors et al 2007;Manga et al 2009;Lupi et al 2013). Martinelli & Ferrari (1991) highlight that the normal activity of some mud system in northern Italy is periodically interrupted by paroxysmal events. Bonini (2009) points out that the NMVF showed a remarkable increase of fluid emission after the 1873 May 15 earthquake that occurred at the Pede-Apennines margin, near Reggio-Emilia (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Subsurface fluid distribution and possible seismic precursory signal at the Salse di Nirano mud volcanic field, Italy

Lupi¹,

Ricci

Kenkel

et al. 2015

Geophys. J. Int.

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S U M M A R YMud volcanoes are geological systems often characterized by elevated fluid pressures at depth deviating from hydrostatic conditions. This near-critical state makes mud volcanoes particularly sensitive to external forcing induced by natural or man-made perturbations. We used the Nirano mud volcanic field as a natural laboratory to test pre-and post-seismic effects generated by distant earthquakes. We first characterized the subsurface structure of the Nirano mud volcanic field with a geoelectrical study. Next, we deployed a broad-band seismic station in the area to understand the typical seismic signal generated by the mud volcano. Seismic records show a background noise below 2 s, sometimes interrupted by pulses of drumbeatlike high-frequency signals lasting from several minutes to hours. To date this is the first observation of drumbeat signal observed in mud volcanoes.In 2013 June we recorded a M4.7 earthquake, that occurred approximately 60 km far from our seismic station. According to empirical estimations the Nirano mud volcanic field should not have been affected by the M4.7 earthquake. Yet, before the seismic event we recorded an increasing amplitude of the signal in the 10-20 Hz frequency band. The signal emerged approximately two hours before the earthquake and lasted for about three hours. Our statistical analysis suggests the presence of a possible precursory signal about 10 min before the earthquake.

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“…The reason is radon cannot migrate to the surface by itself in a short time due to the physical properties of radon. CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , and other geochemical gases play important roles in the process of radon emission into the atmosphere (Martinelli et al, 1991;Du et al, 2008). The anomalies of geochemical gases over the seismic fault zone were found based on the field measurements after this event (Zhou et al, 2010).…”

Section: Parameters Abnormalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of multi-parameter observations in atmosphere related to earthquake

Jing

Shen

Chen

et al. 2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Anomalies of multi-parameters (outgoing longwave radiation, surface latent heat flux, air temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure) before the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan M s = 8.0 earthquake were discussed in order to obtain the seismic precursors. Multi-parameter data were computed based on multi-year background data. The results indicated that these parameters had significant variations prior to this event. The anomaly of outgoing longwave radiation was observed firstly, which gives an early warning. Next were air temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure, which had quasi-simultaneous variations in the basin and the mountain region close to the epicenter. The last was surface latent heat flux, which happened the day before this event. The characteristics of the parameter variations for this event are similar to other earthquakes, which is demonstrated in some other publications. The variations can be attributed to solid earth degassing and chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Additionally, the emission of gases from solid earth into the atmosphere could be ascribed to the tectonic stress of the Wenchuan earthquake.

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Earthquake forerunners in a selected area of Northern Italy: recent developments in automatic geochemical monitoring

Cited by 33 publications

References 14 publications

Significance of Mud Volcanism

Significance of Mud Volcanism

Subsurface fluid distribution and possible seismic precursory signal at the Salse di Nirano mud volcanic field, Italy

Variations of multi-parameter observations in atmosphere related to earthquake

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