Earth’s Energy Imbalance Measured From Space

Hakuba, Maria Z.; Stephens, Graeme L.; Christophe, Bruno; Nash, Alfred; Foulon, Bernard; Bettadpur, Srinivas; Tapley, Byron D; Webb, F.

doi:10.1109/tgrs.2018.2851976

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…But an improvement of OHC trend uncertainty as compared to the in situ approach is not achievable yet. The alti-GRACE sea level budget approach provides a full depth estimate of OHC but is associated with uncertainties that are slightly larger than what is needed to pin down the global mean value of EEI within needed accuracy levels (e.g., Table 3 and von Schuckmann et al, 2016;Hakuba et al, 2018). The alti-Grace approach is promising as it provides consistent spatial and temporal sampling, is representative of the entire global oceans, and estimates OHC over the ocean's entire depth.…”

Section: Conclusion Synthesis and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fourth approach to estimate EEI is indirect as well and consists of taking an inventory of the energy stored in different climate system reservoirs and estimating their changes with time. To date, this is the most accurate method and yields a global mean EEI at 0.4-1 Wm −2 over (e.g., Johnson et al, 2016von Schuckmann et al, 2016;Hakuba et al, 2018). There are four reservoirs of energy in the climate system: the atmosphere, the land, the cryosphere and the ocean.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance

et al. 2019

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Meyssignac et al. Measuring OHC to Estimate the EEI efficient approach to estimate EEI. In this community paper we review the current four state-of-the-art methods to estimate global OHC changes and evaluate their relevance to derive EEI estimates on different time scales. These four methods make use of: (1) direct observations of in situ temperature; (2) satellite-based measurements of the ocean surface net heat fluxes; (3) satellite-based estimates of the thermal expansion of the ocean and (4) ocean reanalyses that assimilate observations from both satellite and in situ instruments. For each method we review the potential and the uncertainty of the method to estimate global OHC changes. We also analyze gaps in the current capability of each method and identify ways of progress for the future to fulfill the requirements of EEI monitoring. Achieving the observation of EEI with sufficient accuracy will depend on merging the remote sensing techniques with in situ measurements of key variables as an integral part of the Ocean Observing System.

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Section: Conclusion Synthesis and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Global Ocean Heat Content to Estimate the Earth Energy Imbalance

et al. 2019

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“…They estimated that the ocean gained 1.33 ± 0.20 × 1022 joules of heat per year, equivalent to a TOA energy imbalance of 0.83 ± 0.11 Wm −2 from 1991 to 2016. Hakuba et al (2019) recently proposed a satellite mission concept based on accelerometry that measures the radiation pressure acting on earth-orbiting satellites. This methodology of deriving the TOA energy imbalance from the net radiation pressure force acting on Earth-orbiting spacecrafts has been actually demonstrated a long time ago (Bernard 1978;Boudon 1986).…”

Section: Energy Imbalancementioning

confidence: 99%

Remote sensing of earth’s energy budget: synthesis and review

Liang

Wang

et al. 2019

International Journal of Digital Earth

141

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The Earth's climate is largely determined by its energy budget. Since the 1960s, satellite remote sensing has been used in estimating these energy budget components at both the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and the surface. Besides the broadband sensors that have been traditionally used for monitoring Earth's Energy Budget (EEB), data from a variety of narrowband sensors aboard both polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites have also been extensively employed to estimate the EEB components. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the satellite missions, state-of-the art estimation algorithms and the satellite products, and also synthesizes current understanding of the EEB and spatiotemporal variations. The TOA components include total solar irradiance, reflected shortwave radiation/planetary albedo, outgoing longwave radiation, and energy imbalance. The surface components include incident solar radiation, shortwave albedo, shortwave net radiation, longwave downward and upwelling radiation, land and sea surface temperature, surface emissivity, all-wave net radiation, and sensible and latent heat fluxes. Some challenges, and outlook such as virtual constellation of different satellite sensors, temporal homogeneity tests of long time-series products, algorithms ensemble, and products intercomparison are also discussed.

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“…t present, more than half of the world's energy consumption is obtained from non-renewable energy sources, such as petrochemical fuels [1][2][3]. However, energy recovery from petrochemical fuels leads to considerable energy waste and pollution [4,5]. The sun is the main source of energy on the earth's surface, energy that can be retrieved in an environmentally friendly way, which is widely abundant, and is sustainable [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%