Early Wheezing and Breast Feeding

Porro, E.; Indinnimeo, Luciana; Antognoni, G; Midulla, Fabio; Criscione, S.

doi:10.3109/02770909309066376

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Even if mothers of babies at risk of developing allergy stick to a strict avoidance diet during pregnancy there is no protective effe~t..~.~~ A similar avoidance diet during lactation does, however, decrease the incidence of atopic dermatiti~.~~.~' In a recent study, exclusive breast feeding for 6 months was regarded as a useful prophylactic measure against allergy.48 Early wheezing may also be decreased by breast feeding. 49 Interestingly, the more antibodies there are to cow's milk in the mother's milk, the less the risk of developing cow's milk a l l e r g~.~~3 '…”

Section: Breast Feeding and Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast feeding: Overview and breast milk immunology

Hanson

Hahn-Zoric

Berndes

et al. 1994

Pediatrics International

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The transfer of host defence capacity to the human offspring provides a remarkable model of passive transfer of immunity. In fact it may also provide an example of active immunization. The transfer of mucosal protection via breast feeding offers many additional advantages for the mother and infant. Through its contraceptive effects it increases the spacing between births, thus diminishing the infant mortality and the burden on the mother. It also enhances bonding between mother and child, it seems to increase the IQ and school result of the infant and might decrease the risk of certain malignancies and perhaps of juvenile diabetes. A fully breast‐fed infant receives as much as 0.5‐1 g of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies daily, the predominant antibody of human milk. This can be compared to the production of some 2.5 g of SIgA per day for a 60 kg adult. These SIgA antibodies have been shown to protect against Vibrio cholerae, ETEC, Campylobacter, Shigella and Giardia. Furthermore, milk is rich in receptor analogues for certain epithelial structures which microbes need for attachment to host tissues as an initial step in infections. Thus the adherence of Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci for example to retropharyngeal cells is efficiently inhibited by human milk. This may be one explanation for the fact that breast‐fed babies have less otitis media than the non‐breast‐fed. Other milk factors like lysozyme and lactoferin may contribute to the host defence, but this has not yet been well defined. However, human milk also supports the well‐being of the infant by being anti‐inflammatory. The predominant SIgA antibodies and the receptor analogues prevent microbes from getting into contact with host tissues causing tissue inflammation via inflammatogenic immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies and activated T lymphocytes. Rather, milk proteins like lactoferrin can inhibit the production of inflammatogenic cytokines like interleukin‐6 from intestinal epithelium and monocytes/macrophages. Breast feeding enhances vaccine responses in the infant. This may occur via immunostimulation effects via anti‐antibodies present in the milk. Human milk truly provides an unequalled mixture of factors supportive of the health of the infants. Many factors may still remain to be discovered.

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Section: Breast Feeding and Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast feeding: Overview and breast milk immunology

Hanson

Hahn-Zoric

Berndes

et al. 1994

Pediatrics International

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“…However, breast-fed infants have a lower morbidity and mortality than formula-fed infants. Studies have demonstrated significant infant protection against diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, botulism, urinary tract infections, necrotizing enterocolitis, and other diseases while the infant is receiving breast milk (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). There is also good evidence of continued protection against these medical conditions for years after breast-feeding has terminated (1, 6 -11).…”

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confidence: 97%

Intestinal Adherent Bacteria and Bacterial Translocation in Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Rats in Relation to Susceptibility to Infection

et al. 2003

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The barrier function of the intestinal mucosa is immature in the newborn mammal, and is strengthened by breast milk. We investigated this effect of breast milk by comparing the susceptibility to infection assessed in terms of adherent bacterial colonization of the intestinal tissue (AdC) and bacterial translocation (BT) between breast-fed and formula-fed newborn rats. Threeday-old rat pups were assigned to one of three groups: motherreared (MR), pseudo-cannulated (sham), and artificially reared (AR). AR rats were infused with formula through an intragastric cannula, under the control of a computer-regulated pumping machine. MR and sham rat pups were reared with their respective dams and received breast milk until weaning in a specially designed cage. In 10-d-old rats, there was no significant difference in the fecal or cecal flora between the AR and MR groups, whereas the AdC and the BT to the liver were greater in the AR than MR group. Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus and/or Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus were dominantly detected as microorganisms in AdC flora and BT. The AdC flora did not directly reflect the bacterial colonization flora. These findings suggest that AR rat pups mature normally, although there is a greater colonization of Enterobacteriaceae and BT in AR than MR pups. Consequently, the intestinal barrier function of the pups reared by artificial feeding may become susceptible to BT, and AdC may be more indicative than bacterial colonization of the susceptibility to BT. Recent advances in the quality of infant formulas have increased their similarity to human breast milk. Moreover, there are no major differences in the physical appearance of breast-fed and formula-fed infants. However, breast-fed infants have a lower morbidity and mortality than formula-fed infants. Studies have demonstrated significant infant protection against diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, botulism, urinary tract infections, necrotizing enterocolitis, and other diseases while the infant is receiving breast milk (1-5). There is also good evidence of continued protection against these medical conditions for years after breast-feeding has terminated (1, 6 -11).We previously reported in a rat study that BT to the liver was greater in formula-fed AR rat pups than in breast-fed rat pups (12). It was suggested that the outcome is the result of a difference in the intestinal microflora and maturation of the intestinal mucosa.There are reports on the development of the intestinal microflora in newborn animals, and studies have compared the intestinal microflora of breast-fed and formula-fed newborns. However, few reports have examined the role of the intestinal microflora and adherent bacteria in relation to infectious risks to the newborn during the suckling and weaning periods. In aerobic fecal microflora in human milk-fed and formula-fed infants in the intensive care unit, Staphylococcus was most dominantly detected at greater than 60% (13). There have been many studies abo...

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“…10,11 Wheezing illness has been shown to be decreased for up to 6 to 7 years after the termination of breastfeeding compared with nonbreastfeeding. [12][13][14] Wilson et al 14 also demonstrated that children who had been exclusively breastfed for 15 weeks remained better protected against respiratory tract infections for ∼7 years compared with those not breastfed. Saarinen 15 found that any amount of breastfeeding for 3 to 4 months decreased the risk of developing otitis media up to the age of 3 years, whereas Howie et al 16 found that any breastfeeding for at least 13 weeks was not associated with ear infection but was associated with a significantly lower prevalence of gastrointestinal disease in the first 2 years of life compared with those who were never breastfed or breastfed ,13 weeks.…”

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confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and Risk of Infections at 6 Years

Li¹,

Dee

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that breastfeeding is associated with reductions in the risk of common infections among infants; however, whether breastfeeding confers longer term protection is inconclusive. METHODS:We linked data from the 2005-2007 IFPS II (Infant Feeding Practices Study II) and follow-up data collected when the children were 6 years old. Multivariable logistic regression was used, controlling for sociodemographic variables, to examine associations of initiation, duration, exclusivity of breastfeeding, timing of supplementing breastfeeding with formula, and breast milk intensity (proportion of milk feedings that were breast milk from age 0-6 months) with maternal reports of infection (cold/upper respiratory tract, ear, throat, sinus, pneumonia/lung, and urinary) and sick visits in the past year among 6-year-olds (N = 1281). RESULTS:The most common past-year infections were colds/upper respiratory tract (66%), ear (25%), and throat (24%) infections. No associations were found between breastfeeding and colds/upper respiratory tract, lung, or urinary tract infections. Prevalence of ear, throat, and sinus infections and number of sick visits differed according to breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and timing of supplementing breastfeeding with formula (P , .05). Among children ever breastfed, children breastfed for $9 months had lower odds of past-year ear (adjusted odds ratio CONCLUSIONS: This prospective longitudinal study suggests that breastfeeding may protect against ear, throat, and sinus infections well beyond infancy. Pediatrics 2014;134:S13-S20

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Early Wheezing and Breast Feeding

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Breast feeding: Overview and breast milk immunology

Breast feeding: Overview and breast milk immunology

Intestinal Adherent Bacteria and Bacterial Translocation in Breast-Fed and Formula-Fed Rats in Relation to Susceptibility to Infection

Breastfeeding and Risk of Infections at 6 Years

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