Early versus late risk factors for deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia

Alabaf, Setareh; Kirkpatrick, Brian; Chen, Shanquan; Cardinal, Rudolf N.; Fernández-Egea, Emilio

doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2022.01.006

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…The proportion of DS patients reported in our study (36.17%) was higher than that found in some previous studies that used the Schedule for Deficit Syndrome (SDS) for categorizing deficit syndrome ( 25 , 26 ), but was similar to some others that used the PDS scale ( 4 , 27 ). Interestingly, a recent meta-analysis summarized the existing research with the SDS scale and calculated the pooled proportion of the DS subgroup was 32.64% ( 28 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…Evidence has shown that DS patients have significant differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics compared to nondeficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients. Previous studies indicated that the male sex, with a family history, and a lower prevalence of cannabis use were risk factors for DS ( 4 , 5 ). Although an increasing amount of evidence supports that winter birth is strongly associated with an excess of schizophrenia ( 6 ), a pooled analysis from 6 countries demonstrated that summer birth significantly increased the risk of deficit schizophrenia ( 7 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data were presented in Mean ± SD. DS vs NDS: 1 LSD corrected P = 0.007; 2 LSD corrected P = 0.032;3 LSD corrected P = 0.023;4 LSD corrected P = 0.011. DS vs HC: 1 LSD corrected P < 0.001; 2 LSD corrected P < 0.001; 3 LSD corrected P < 0.001; 4 LSD corrected P < 0.001.…”

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confidence: 95%

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Differences in inflammatory marker profiles and cognitive functioning between deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Deficit schizophrenia (DS) patient is a homogenous subtype of schizophrenia that includes primary and enduring negative symptoms. This study aimed to compare the differences in cognitive functioning and plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and inflammatory cytokines among DS patients, nondeficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients, and healthy controls (HCs). A total of 141 schizophrenia patients and 67 HCs were included in this study. The schizophrenia patients were divided into DS (N= 51) and NDS (N=90) groups based on the Proxy for the Deficit Syndrome Scale (PDS). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) were used to evaluate the clinical symptoms and cognitive performances, respectively. The plasma level of CRP, IL-1β, Il-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Our results showed that DS patients had the worst cognitive performance, especially in the immediate memory, attention, and language dimensions, compared to the NDS and HC groups. Compared to the HCs group, DS patients had higher levels of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and total proinflammatory cytokines, and NDS patients had higher levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, and proinflammatory cytokines. We also found that CRP levels were significantly increased in DS patients compared to NDS patients. Moreover, stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that CRP is an independent risk factor for DS. Sex stratification analysis showed significant differences in almost all cytokines in female samples but not in male samples. The significant differences in cognitive performance and inflammatory components among groups suggest that deficit syndrome is an independent endophenotype of schizophrenia patients with unique immune-inflammatory features, but may have sex characteristics.

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