Early treatment during a primary malaria infection modifies the development of cross immunity

Legorreta-Herrera, Martha; Ventura-Ayala, María Laura; Licona-Chávez, R N; Soto‐Cruz, Isabel; Hernández-Clemente, F F

doi:10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00677.x

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 52 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Numerous studies comprising in vivo chemical attenuation of blood-stage infections have been conducted in rodents (16,20,21,35). Furthermore, immunity in both humans and rodents was observed following administration of multiple low doses of blood-stage parasites with each infection treated prior to patency (19,20).…”

Section: In Vivo Chemical Attenuation Following Inoculation Of Blood-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Attenuation in the Development of a Whole-Organism Malaria Vaccine

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Malaria vaccine development has been dominated by the subunit approach; however, many subunit vaccine candidates have had limited efficacy in settings of malaria endemicity. As our search for an efficacious malaria vaccine continues, the development of a whole-organism vaccine is now receiving much scrutiny. One strategy currently being explored in the development of a whole-organism vaccine involves chemical attenuation of the malaria parasite. In vivo and in vitro chemical attenuation of both liver-stage and blood-stage Plasmodium parasites has been investigated. Here, we discuss both approaches of chemical attenuation in the development of a whole-organism vaccine against malaria.KEYWORDS chemical attenuation, malaria, whole-organism vaccine C urrent methods in malaria control, such as the use of indoor residual spraying, insecticide-treated nets, and drug therapies, have led to reductions in malaria cases and malaria-related deaths (1). However, malaria still remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with 3.3 billion people at risk of becoming infected with Plasmodium parasites (1). In 2015 alone, there were 212 million clinical cases and approximately 429,000 deaths due to malaria (2); therefore, the need for an efficacious malaria vaccine remains prominent. However, despite concerted efforts over many years, an effective malaria vaccine remains elusive. There have been continued concerns with the efficacy of the subunit vaccine approach (3-6), leading to a renewed interest in the use of the whole-organism vaccine approach for malaria.Whole-organism vaccines have been used successfully to protect individuals and populations from infectious diseases (reviewed in reference 7). This approach maximizes the number of antigens presented to the immune system and thus may limit the impact of antigenic diversity on vaccine efficacy. There are different types of wholeorganism vaccines, including killed and live attenuated vaccines, that can be produced using heat, genetic manipulation, radiation, or chemicals. Some of the earliest vaccines utilized formalin to chemically treat the infectious organism (reviewed in reference 8). These vaccines are often referred to as "inactivated" vaccines and include vaccines against polio, hepatitis A, and cholera (9-11). More recently, chemicals have been used as attenuating agents in the development of a malaria vaccine, with promising results. CHEMICAL ATTENUATION OF MALARIA PARASITES IN VIVOSome of the earliest evidence that protection could be induced by infection and drug cure in malaria was provided by antimalaria drug evaluation studies in monkeys (12) and studies using malaria therapy in patients with neurosyphilis (13,14). Although not the primary aim of these studies, they demonstrated that drug cure given after a patent primary infection induced protection against a subsequent secondary infection, (12)(13)(14). Since these initial studies were conducted, numerous studies (in animals and humans) have focused on the protection and immunity induced by a ...

show abstract

Section: In Vivo Chemical Attenuation Following Inoculation Of Blood-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Attenuation in the Development of a Whole-Organism Malaria Vaccine

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Past observations based on experimental (16,26,33,40,48) and clinical studies (4-6, 11, 15, 27) led us to conclude that there is at least a degree of cross-species immunity within a host coinfected by two or more plasmodial species. Field data, however, are inconclusive on this issue (22,(37)(38)(39)41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Primary infection with P. chabaudi chabaudi AS-infected erythrocytes led to protection against mortality and lower parasitemia levels after a challenge infection with a lethal strain of P. yoelii (33). Mice infected with blood-stage P. berghei parasites and later reinfected with P. yoelii-, P. vinckei-, or P. chabaudi-parasitized erythrocytes were partially protected against mortality (26,40).…”

Section: Cross-species Immunity To Asexual Blood-stage Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Cross-protection against one plasmodial species induced by asexual blood stages of another has been observed in both avian (48,60) and murine (16,26,33,40) models. Primary infection with P. chabaudi chabaudi AS-infected erythrocytes led to protection against mortality and lower parasitemia levels after a challenge infection with a lethal strain of P. yoelii (33).…”

Section: Cross-species Immunity To Asexual Blood-stage Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cross-Species Immunity in Malaria Vaccine Development: Two, Three, or Even Four for the Price of One?

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

3For millennia, malaria has been one of the most deadly human infectious diseases in the world, and it is still the cause of about 2 million deaths per year, mainly among young children and pregnant women. Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, four species of which are infectious for humans: Plasmodium falciparum (the most deadly species, responsible for 80% of infections worldwide and 90% of malaria-related deaths), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale (56).The "gold standard" for full and sterile immunity against malaria-immunization with Plasmodium whole-organism, radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS)-was described for mice, monkeys, and humans over three decades ago (12, 14, 45a). The original RAS immunization strategy, however, usually required either the bites of many irradiated mosquitoes on multiple occasions or intravenous inoculation of sporozoites, both of which were considered impractical for mass vaccination campaigns (36, 45a). The advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s led many researchers to believe that the development of vaccines for the majority of known diseases, including malaria, was imminent (45). Although significant achievements in vaccinology have indeed been made using this technology (e.g., the pertussis vaccine [47]), the quest for a malaria vaccine remains unfulfilled. Several potential candidate vaccines have progressed to clinical trials recently (http://www.who.int/vaccine_research /documents/RainbowTable_ClinicalTrials_December2006 .pdf), and many others have been the subject of preclinical assessments (24, 42; http://www.who.int/vaccine_research /documents/RainbowTablePreclinical_December2006.pdf). Disappointing results with either DNA-or subunit proteinbased vaccines for malaria have led recently to a renewed effort focusing on scaled-up production of P. falciparum RAS and optimization of the immunization regimen for mass vaccination using this attenuated whole-organismbased approach (36; http://www.sanaria.com). In the latter context there have been other exciting recent developments. In rodent malaria models, both Plasmodium berghei genetically attenuated parasites (PbGAP) and Plasmodium yoelii GAP and P. yoelii sporozoites inoculated under cover of chloroquine (PyLUCS) have been shown to confer similar degrees of protection (2, 31, 44, 44b, 64). Together, these different types of whole-organism, live attenuated sporozoites constitute a powerful tool that should help to unravel the host mechanisms leading to protection, thus providing knowledge that may be crucial for development of the longawaited vaccine. Intriguingly, however, the immunity mediated in mice by RAS and PbGAP (p36p Ϫ type) is not plasmodial species specific but in both cases confers protection against challenge infection with heterologous rodent plasmodial species (19, 45b).Four different Plasmodium species are infectious for humans (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale). The first hint that sporozoites may induce cross-species imm...

show abstract

“…It was showed in an experimental model that the precocious administration of antimalarial drugs prevents the induction of cross-protection to a new challenge with parasite (Legorreta- Herrera et al 2004). It is also important to consider that nearly all antimalarial drugs display immunodepressive effects (Muniz-Junqueira & Tosta 2007) and, therefore, their excessively precocious administration can somehow impair the development of the immune response.…”

Section: Panadaptive Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coadaptation and malaria control

Tosta

2007

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Malaria emerges from a disequilibrium of the system 'human-plasmodium-mosquito' (HPM) Key words: malaria -control -coadaptation -coevolution -infectron -vaccine -antimalarial drugs -mosquitoinsecticide -equilibrium MALARIA, A CHANGING CONCEPTThe association of humans with plasmodia is probably as old as Humanity. However, our perceptions about the infection have been drastically changed throughout the time. In ancient times, and for a long while, malaria and several other infectious diseases were considered as due to God's punishment for human sins. During the Middle Age, the idea that the environment could affect human health by means of miasms associated with swamps was also applied to malaria. During the period of Renaissance, the Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro introduced the concept of contagion, which was replaced by that of infectious agents three centuries later. Therefore, by the end of the XIX century malaria was considered as an infectious disease caused by plasmodia and transmitted by mosquitoes. The better understanding of the pathological aspects of the host-parasite relationships accomplished during the next century allowed to consider the major clinical-pathological manifestations of malaria as caused by an uncontrolled activation of the immune system by plasmodia, death sometimes occurring in the presence of minimal parasitemia or even in the absence of circulating parasites. Since the endothelium is the most affected structure in brain, kidney, and lung involvement, and the cells and molecules of the immune system are the major responsible for that, severe malaria could be considered as an immune endotheliopathy.A novel view is emerging at the dawn of the XXI century: malaria as the result of disequilibrium of the system 'human-plasmodium-mosquito' (HMP). If this system is maintained in equilibrium, malaria does not ensue, and the result is asymptomatic plasmodium infection. A vast body of evidence supports this assumption and, as shown in this essay, all phenomena concerning the relationships among the components of the system HMP involve coadaptation. The recognition of these coadaptive linkages, leading to equilibrium of the system and evolution of its components, compels to a reinterpretation of the immunology, therapeutics and vaccinology of malaria, and may contribute to change the tenets of malaria control strategies.

show abstract

Early treatment during a primary malaria infection modifies the development of cross immunity

Cited by 25 publications

References 52 publications

Chemical Attenuation in the Development of a Whole-Organism Malaria Vaccine

Chemical Attenuation in the Development of a Whole-Organism Malaria Vaccine

Cross-Species Immunity in Malaria Vaccine Development: Two, Three, or Even Four for the Price of One?

Coadaptation and malaria control

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About