Early-stage kinetics and char structural evolution during CO2 gasification of Morupule coal in a wire-mesh reactor

Structural Evolution of Coal Fines to Graphite Produced by Metal-Assisted Microwave Method

“…The decrease in the R intensity ratio indicates the development of more stable order and an increase in graphitization. A high degree of graphitization and the formation of a more ordered graphite structure are associated with a lower ID/IG value and a stronger G band [5]- [7]. This shows that the addition of a catalyst has contributed to graphitization.…”

“…Coal fines are normally treated with a heat range of 2500°C -3000°C as the graphitization transition process involves the orderly transformation of unstable carbons thermodynamically from disordered structures to graphite crystals by thermal activation. At this processing condition, impurities are removed, resulting in high quality graphite [7], [12]. A study by [5] showed that the microstructural development of graphite increases with an increase in graphitization temperature.…”

“…Coal plants in Botswana have stockpiles of coal owing to years of mining with no market value. Converting coal material to higher value material is currently of high interest [7], [8]. Coal is made up of various organic and inorganic impurities in both their stable and volatile states [9].…”

1D α-Fe2O3/ZnO Junction Arrays Modified by Bi as Photocathode: High Efficiency in Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO2 to HCOOH

“…1,2 However, CO 2 is a highly stable molecule, its C�O bond dissociation energy reaches about 750 kJ mol −1 , obviously higher than chemical bonds C−C (336 kJ mol −1 ) and C−H (430 kJ mol −1 ), which means CO 2 conversion requires a large energy input to overcome the activation barrier. 3 PEC is widely applied in the CO 2 reduction reaction (CDRR) owing to its advantages of integrating and optimizing photocatalytic and electrocatalytic technology, thereby greatly improving catalytic efficiency. 4,5 Under applied voltage, photogenerated electron−hole pairs (e − −h + ) can be effectively separated, while high-energy photoelectrons excited by photocatalysis can compensate for the excessive energy of electrocatalysis during the PEC process.…”

“…The greenhouse effect becomes more and more severe as CO 2 emissions increase yearly, causing serious environmental problems and global climate change. Converting CO 2 into high-value-added compounds through solar energy is an effective strategy to alleviate the deterioration of the ecological environment and energy shortages. , However, CO 2 is a highly stable molecule, its CO bond dissociation energy reaches about 750 kJ mol –1 , obviously higher than chemical bonds C–C (336 kJ mol –1 ) and C–H (430 kJ mol –1 ), which means CO 2 conversion requires a large energy input to overcome the activation barrier …”