Early Stage Breast Cancer Detection Using Indirect Microwave Holography

Abstract

Abstract-A novel microwave imaging approach for early stage breast cancer detection is described. The proposed technique involves the use of an Indirect Microwave Holographic technique employing a patented synthetic reference wave. This approach offers benefits in terms of simplicity, expense, comfort and safety when compared to current mammography techniques. Experimental results using a simulated breast phantom are included to demonstrate the validity of this technique to obtain 2D images. The technique is then extended to demonstrate the possibility of obtaining 3D images by using indirect stereoscopic holographic imaging.

Resolution of the Frequency Diverse Metamaterial Aperture Imager

“…Least-squares techniques pose the solution of (4) as the L2 norm optimization problem g − Hf 2 2 subject to various constraint or objective functions. The conjugate gradient square (CGS) method is an iterative least-squares type of approach [20].…”

“…In the CGS algorithm the matched filter result is taken as a starting estimate, with a non-linear iterative scheme then applied to optimally converge to the most likely scene from the set of available measurements. At each iteration, the residual of the objective function g − Hf 2 2 is calculated and the iteration continues until either the total iteration number or the desired minimum residual level (selected to be 0.001 in this work), criterion is satisfied. As can be seen in Figure 4(a), the recovered PSF patterns using the CGS reconstruction algorithm clearly resemble the expected classical airy-like pattern, with the PSF main lobes fully resolved at all SNR levels and the side lobes fully resolved above the SNR level of 10 dB.…”

“…Because of this important capability, a considerable amount of research has been reported in the literature demonstrating the use of microwaves for various imaging applications, including medical imaging [1][2][3][4], through-wall imaging [5][6][7][8] and concealed ordnance imaging [9][10][11][12]. Most conventional imaging approaches employed in these applications can be understood as versions of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) [13] and microwave holographic imaging [14,15] techniques, both of which involve the use of a mechanically scanned transmitter to sequentially acquire scene data.…”

Indirect Microwave Holographic Imaging of Concealed Ordnance for Airport Security Imaging Systems

“…In the literature, indirect microwave holography was proved to have a significant potential to be employed in the measurement of complex antenna near-field and far-field radiation patterns [12,13]. Recently, this technique has been extended to the imaging of early-stage breast cancer tumors [14] and unconcealed metallic objects [15]. Although promising results have been achieved in [14,15], the reconstruction of the original scattered field in these works was limited to the measurement plane.…”

“…Recently, this technique has been extended to the imaging of early-stage breast cancer tumors [14] and unconcealed metallic objects [15]. Although promising results have been achieved in [14,15], the reconstruction of the original scattered field in these works was limited to the measurement plane. This brings a significant challenge for the imaging of concealed objects, which requires the reconstruction of the scattered field at the object plane under the concealed medium to achieve optimum imaging response.…”