Early socioeconomic adversity, youth positive development, and young adults’ cardio-metabolic disease risk.

Wickrama, K. A. S.; O’Neal, Catherine Walker; Lee, Tae Kyoung; Wickrama, Thulitha

doi:10.1037/hea0000208

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…Cardiovascular risk is a continuous measure that summed standardized scores for eight indicators of cardiovascular health: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, HbA1c (or glycated hemoglobin), triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and BMI (Wickrama et al, 2015). We standardized these continuous indicators (each with a different unit) to retain the full range of information, rather than defining and using thresholds.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health lifestyles across the transition to adulthood: Implications for health

Lawrence

Mollborn

Hummer

2017

Social Science & Medicine

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Research has long established the importance of individual health behaviors such as cigarette smoking for adult morbidity and mortality. However, we know little about how health behaviors cluster into health lifestyles among adolescents and young adults in the United States, or in turn, how such health lifestyles are associated with young adult health outcomes. This study establishes health lifestyles as distinct group phenomena at three developmental time points in a single cohort: late adolescence (ages 15–17), early adulthood (ages 20–24), and young adulthood (ages 26–31). We then identify the associations between these health lifestyles and young adult health outcomes. We use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents followed into adulthood, and latent class analysis and regression models. We uncover diverse health lifestyles among adolescents, early adults, and young adults; however, few individuals engaged in a consistently salubrious lifestyle at any developmental stage. People with less healthy lifestyles also tended to exhibit poorer health in young adulthood. Our results showed that young adult health lifestyles were significantly associated with young adult cardiovascular risk. Moreover, health lifestyles in each of the three developmental stages were associated with young adult self-rated health, and accounting for lifestyles in later stages explained some of these associations. Overall, this study suggests a portrait of problematic health lifestyles among a nationally representative cohort of young Americans, with associated patterns of relatively poor physical health among those with poor health lifestyles.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health lifestyles across the transition to adulthood: Implications for health

Lawrence

Mollborn

Hummer

2017

Social Science & Medicine

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“…SBP and DBP were each assessed three times, with the two most similar readings averaged together; other biomarkers were each assessed once. To maintain as much information as possible [32] and in accordance with past research [33], each biomarker was standardized ( M =0, SD =1) and the eight standardized biomarkers were summed into an overall cardiometabolic risk score wherein higher scores indicated greater cardiometabolic dysregulation (HDL cholesterol was reverse scored prior to summing as higher levels indicate better health). The overall cardiometabolic risk score was standardized ( M =0, SD =1; range =−2.43–3.73) for ease of interpretation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective well-being and cardiometabolic health: An 8–11year study of midlife adults

Boehm

Song

Williams

et al. 2016

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

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Objective Individuals who are satisfied and experience frequent positive emotions tend to have reduced risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, conflicting evidence exists and little research has investigated whether well-being is associated with early-warning indicators of biological risk that precede CHD. We investigated whether life satisfaction and positive emotions longitudinally predicted reduced risk of incident cardiometabolic conditions and healthier cardiometabolic risk scores, which may provide insight into underlying mechanisms and novel prevention targets. Methods Initially healthy men and women (N=754–854) reported their baseline life satisfaction and positive emotions. During follow-up, presence of manifest cardiometabolic conditions was assessed and a separate cardiometabolic risk score was constructed from eight biomarkers. Poisson and linear regression analyses tested whether life satisfaction and positive emotions were associated with reduced incident disease risk and lower cardiometabolic risk scores 8–11 years later. Results Life satisfaction and positive emotions were each prospectively associated with reduced risk of manifest conditions, controlling for demographics and family history of CHD. Associations were attenuated for positive emotions after adjusting for depressive symptoms and for life satisfaction after adjusting for health behaviors. Life satisfaction was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk scores until adding health behaviors, but positive emotions were not (regardless of the included covariates). Conclusion Well-being, particularly life satisfaction, is associated with reduced risk for incident cardiometabolic conditions in minimally-adjusted models. However, accounting for underlying behavioral pathways attenuates the association. Low levels of life satisfaction (but not positive emotions) may also provide early warning of cardiometabolic risk prior to disease development.

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“…A growing literature highlights important linkages between PYD and psychosocial well-being during adolescence and cardiovascular health in adulthood. Early life socioeconomic adversity negatively affects young adult cardio-metabolic risk in part through negative effects on psychosocial development related to self-esteem, positive affect, and educational attainment [20•]. Childhood attention regulation, cognitive ability, and positive home environments are significantly associated with favorable cardiovascular risk levels in adulthood [21].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staying Young at Heart: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adolescents and Young Adults

Chung

Touloumtzis

Gooding

2015

Curr Treat Options Cardio Med

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OPINION STATEMENT Approaches to the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often too narrow in scope and initiated too late. While the majority of adolescents are free of CVD, far fewer are free of CVD risk factors, especially lifestyle factors such as poor exercise and dietary habits. Most clinicians are familiar with behavioral and pharmacologic strategies for modifying these and other traditional CVD risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. In this review, we highlight those strategies most applicable to teens and also propose a fundamental reframing that recognizes the importance of early choices and life experiences to achieving cardiovascular health. Population- and individual-level approaches that support the establishment of positive health behaviors early in life are the foundation of preserving ideal cardiovascular health and promoting positive cardiovascular outcomes. The Positive Youth Development movement supports a frame shift away from seeing young people as merely the sum of their risk factors and instead as developmentally dynamic youth capable of making healthy choices. Informed by the Positive Youth Development framework, our approach to cardiovascular prevention among adolescents is both broad-based and proactive, paying heed as early as possible to social, familial, and developmental factors that underlie health behaviors, and employing evidence- based behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical treatments when needed.

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Early socioeconomic adversity, youth positive development, and young adults’ cardio-metabolic disease risk.

Cited by 34 publications

References 47 publications

Health lifestyles across the transition to adulthood: Implications for health

Health lifestyles across the transition to adulthood: Implications for health

Subjective well-being and cardiometabolic health: An 8–11year study of midlife adults

Staying Young at Heart: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adolescents and Young Adults

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