Early regional changes of GFAP mRNA in rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus during soman-induced seizures

Neuroinflammation in organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity

“…Thus, increased GFAP immunoreactivity was detected in the piriform cortex, amygdala and dentate gyrus within 1 h after acute intoxication with DFP, which preceded any signs of neurodegeneration (Li et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2012). Similarly, in a preclinical model of acute soman intoxication, GFAP immunoreactivity was observed prior to evidence of neuronal injury (Baille-Le Crom et al, 1995;Zimmer et al, 1997). However, these observations do not rule out the possibility that neurodegeneration may trigger other aspects of neuroinflammation, such as microglial activation.…”

Neuroinflammation as a Therapeutic Target for Mitigating the Long-Term Consequences of Acute Organophosphate Intoxication

“…An increasing body of experimental evidence indicates that acute OP intoxication triggers robust neuroinflammatory responses that evolve over the course of hours to months following exposure (Banks and Lein 2012;Guignet and Lein 2019). In rat and mouse models of acute intoxication with OP nerve agents or OP pesticides, astrocytes responded with transcriptional and translational upregulation of GFAP within hours of SE (Baille-Le Crom et al, 1995;Damodaran et al, 2002;Liu et al, 2012;Rojas et al, 2015;Rojas et al, 2018). By 24 h, GFAP immunoreactivity leveled off (Zimmer et al, 1997;Collombet et al, 2005;Collombet et al, 2007;Liu et al, 2012); however, a second increase in GFAP immunoreactivity emerged within 3-7 days and persisted up to 3 months after the initial exposure (Collombet et al, 2005;Collombet et al, 2007;Angoa-Pérez et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2012;Siso et al, 2017;Putra et al, 2019;Guignet et al, 2020).…”