Early pest development and loss of biological control are associated with urban warming

Meineke, Emily K.; Dunn, Robert R.; Frank, Steven D.

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0586

Cited by 92 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Warming early in the growing season could also restructure phenological interactions so that they are more synchronous than they were historically (see Singer & Parmesan, ), which may increase herbivory if host plants avoid herbivore damage by timing leaf‐out to be asynchronous with herbivore emergence. Warmer early springs might also alter phenological matching between herbivores and their natural enemies, reducing natural biological control of herbivores, as lower trophic levels may be more sensitive to climatic warming than higher trophic levels (Meineke, Dunn, & Frank, ; Thackeray et al, ). Some evidence suggests that this is the case for Lycaenid butterflies in our study region, which have advanced their flight more than has been shown for birds, which are their potential predators (Polgar, Primack, Williams, Stichter, & Hitchcock, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbarium specimens reveal increasing herbivory over the past century

et al. 2018

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Predicting how ecological interactions will respond to global change is a major challenge. Plants and their associated insect herbivores compose much of macroscopic diversity, yet how their interactions have been altered by recent environmental change remains underexplored. To address this gap, we quantified herbivory on herbarium specimens of four plant species with records extending back 112 years. Our study focused on the northeastern US, where temperatures have increased rapidly over the last few decades. This region also represents a range of urban development, a form of global change that has shown variable effects on herbivores in the past studies. Herbarium specimens collected in the early 2000s were 23% more likely to be damaged by herbivores than those collected in the early 1900s. Herbivory was greater following warmer winters and at low latitudes, suggesting that climate warming may drive increasing insect damage over time. In contrast, human population densities were negatively associated with herbivore damage. To explore whether changes in insect occurrence or abundance might explain shifts in herbivory, we used insect observational records to build climate occupancy models for lepidopteran herbivores (butterflies and moths) of our focal plant species. These models show that higher winter temperatures were associated with higher probability of insect herbivore presence, while urbanization was associated with reduced probability of herbivore presence, supporting a link between insect herbivore occurrence and herbivory mediated through environment. Synthesis. Using a temporal record of plant herbivory that spans over a century, we show that both temperature and urbanization influence insect damage to plants, but in very different ways. Our results indicate that damage to plants by insect herbivores will likely continue to increase through time in the northeastern US as global temperatures rise, but that urbanization may disrupt local effects of winter warming on herbivory by excluding certain herbivores. These changes may scale to shape ecosystem processes that are driven by herbivory, including plant productivity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbarium specimens reveal increasing herbivory over the past century

et al. 2018

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“…We placed iButtons below branches to reduce sun exposure associated with malfunctions in other studies [24]. iButtons were housed in wall mounts (Dallas Semiconductor of Dallas, TX) inside 2.54-cm deep plastic cups to protect them from precipitation and direct sun.…”

Section: (B) Study Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, urban warming increases densities of two native scale insect species that survive better [23] and produce more eggs [24,25] at hotter urban sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban warming reduces aboveground carbon storage

et al. 2016

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A substantial amount of global carbon is stored in mature trees. However, no experiments to date test how warming affects mature tree carbon storage. Using a unique, citywide, factorial experiment, we investigated how warming and insect herbivory affected physiological function and carbon sequestration (carbon stored per year) of mature trees. Urban warming increased herbivorous arthropod abundance on trees, but these herbivores had negligible effects on tree carbon sequestration. Instead, urban warming was associated with an estimated 12% loss of carbon sequestration, in part because photosynthesis was reduced at hotter sites. Ecosystem service assessments that do not consider urban conditions may overestimate urban tree carbon storage. Because urban and global warming are becoming more intense, our results suggest that urban trees will sequester even less carbon in the future.

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“…This local difference in temperatures creates a negative impact on people and environment because it hampers air quality, increases energy consumption, loses biological control, and affects people's health (Kikegawa et al, 2003;Grimmond, 2007;Meineke et al, 2014;Plocoste et al, 2014). Advances in thermal remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS), and statistical methods have enabled the research community to characterize and examine UHI versus landscape relationship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the relationship between land use land cover change and land surface temperature

Tran

Pla

Carmona

et al. 2017

ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

496

187

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Exploring changes in land use land cover (LULC) to understand the urban heat island (UHI) effect is valuable for both communities and local governments in cities in developing countries, where urbanization and industrialization often take place rapidly but where coherent planning and control policies have not been applied. This work aims at determining and analyzing the relationship between LULC change and land surface temperature (LST) patterns in the context of urbanization. We first explore the relationship between LST and vegetation, man-made features, and cropland using normalized vegetation, and built-up indices within each LULC type. Afterwards, we assess the impacts of LULC change and urbanization in UHI using hot spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi* statistics) and urban landscape analysis. Finally, we propose a model applying non-parametric regression to estimate future urban climate patterns using predicted land cover and land use change. Results from this work provide an effective methodology for UHI characterization, showing that (a) LST depends on a nonlinear way of LULC types; (b) hotspot analysis using Getis Ord Gi* statistics allows to analyze the LST pattern change through time; (c) UHI is influenced by both urban landscape and urban development type; (d) LST pattern forecast and UHI effect examination can be done by the proposed model using nonlinear regression and simulated LULC change scenarios. We chose an inner city area of Hanoi as a case-study, a small and flat plain area where LULC change is significant due to urbanization and industrialization. The methodology presented in this paper can be broadly applied in other cities which exhibit a similar dynamic growth. Our findings can represent an useful tool for policy makers and the community awareness by providing a scientific basis for sustainable urban planning and management.

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Early pest development and loss of biological control are associated with urban warming

Cited by 92 publications

References 12 publications

Herbarium specimens reveal increasing herbivory over the past century

Herbarium specimens reveal increasing herbivory over the past century

Urban warming reduces aboveground carbon storage

Characterizing the relationship between land use land cover change and land surface temperature

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