Early Parturition: Is Young Maternal Age at First Birth Associated with Obesity?

Patchen, Loral; Leoutsakos, Jeannie‐Marie; Astone, Nan Marie

doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2016.12.001

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These deleterious effects would emerge earlier in women who have children at a younger age, which could have major implications for lifelong health. Our finding that women who have their first child at a younger age are at elevated risk for midlife overweight/obesity is consistent with previous studies in pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women (24, 47, 54, 55). One study proposed that giving birth at a younger age provides women with more time to have children, leading to weight accumulation between pregnancies (54).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Associations of Pregnancy History with BMI and Weight Gain in 45–54-Year-Old Women

Pacyga¹,

Henning

Chiang³

et al. 2020

Current Developments in Nutrition

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Background Midlife women have a higher risk of cardiometabolic disease than younger women, but the lifelong biological/lifestyle factors responsible for this increase are unclear. Objectives We investigated whether pregnancy history is a risk factor for midlife overweight/obesity and evaluated potential hormonal mechanisms. Methods The Baltimore Midlife Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort, recruited 772 women aged 45–54 y. Women reported pregnancy characteristics via questionnaires, trained staff measured weight/height to calculate midlife BMI, and serum hormones were assessed by ELISA. Logistic regression models assessed associations of pregnancy history with risk of midlife overweight/obesity and BMI gain since age 18. We additionally explored whether associations differed by menopausal status, and whether midlife hormones mediated relationships of pregnancy history and midlife BMI. Results These premenopausal or perimenopausal women were 66% Caucasian/White and 30% African American/Black, with a median of 2 live births (range: 0–11) and median age at first birth of 27 y (range: 12–46 y). Women with 0 and ≥2 live births had lower odds of overweight/obesity than those with 1 birth (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.96; P = 0.04, and OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.95; P = 0.03, respectively). Women with ≥2 live births also had lower odds of BMI gain than those with 1 birth (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.06; P = 0.08). Furthermore, women who were older at their first birth had lower odds of overweight/obesity (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.00; P = 0.03) and BMI gain (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.00; P = 0.06). Number of pregnancies and age at last pregnancy were not associated with midlife overweight/obesity or BMI gain. Associations did not differ by menopausal status and were not explained by midlife hormones. Conclusions Earlier childbirth and having 1 child increased women's risk of midlife overweight/obesity and BMI gain since age 18. Additional studies should focus on women's childbearing years as a critical determinant of midlife metabolic health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Associations of Pregnancy History with BMI and Weight Gain in 45–54-Year-Old Women

Pacyga¹,

Henning

Chiang³

et al. 2020

Current Developments in Nutrition

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“…Several potential mechanisms may explain the association between early menarche and increased risk of cardiometabolic risk factors. Earlier menarcheal age has been linked to other reproductive markers including earlier age at first birth (Sim et al, 2015) and earlier age at menopause (Mishra et al, 2017), which have been related to obesity (Patchen, Leoutsakos, & Astone, 2016) and cardiovascular disease (Clegg et al, 2017). Girls with earlier menarche than their peers may be more likely to exhibit unhealthy behaviors (e.g., poor diet, low physical activity) (van Jaarsveld, Fidler, Simon, & Wardle, 2007) that relate to higher adiposity gain and insulin resistance during the post-pubertal period (Boyne et al, 2014) and beyond.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Menstrual Factors Are Associated with Adulthood Cardio-Metabolic Health in a Survey of Mexican Teachers

Jansen

Stern

Peterson

et al. 2019

Matern Child Health J

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Objectives: To evaluate whether age at menarche and time to menstrual regularity were related to cardio-metabolic risk factors in Mexican women. Methods: The study population comprised 54,921 women from the 2008-2010 wave of the Mexican Teacher's Cohort. A modified Poisson approach was used; exposures were age at menarche and time to menstrual regularity (<1 year versus ≥1 year), and outcomes were prevalent obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Results: Mean (SD) age of women was 42.1 (7.6) years, and mean (SD) menarcheal age was 12.5 (1.5) years. Compared to women with menarche age 13 years, those with menarche <9 years had a 65% (95% CI 43% to 90%); 27% (95% CI 4% to 55%); and 23% (95% CI 1% to 49%) higher prevalence of obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol, respectively. For diabetes, there was a U-shaped association; compared to menarche age 13 years, those with menarche <9 years had an 89% higher prevalence of diabetes (95% CI 39% to 156%), and those with menarche ≥17 years had a 65% higher prevalence (95% CI 16% to 134%). Among women with regular cycles (n=43,113), a longer time to menstrual regularity was associated with diabetes (PR=1.11 with 95% CI 1.02 to 1.22), high blood pressure (PR= 1.11 with 95% CI 1.06 to 1.17), and high cholesterol (PR=1.09 with 95% CI 1.04 to 1.14).

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“…Previous analyses of the association between age at first childbirth and later health showed disadvantages for women. Childbirth at a young age and increased parity were independently associated with central obesity for women later in life [ 13 , 15 , 17 ]. Women with younger ages at first childbirth may have higher parity [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We focused on the association between age at first childbirth and central obesity. To clarify the relationship between age at first childbirth and central obesity, various confounding factors were adjusted, such as age, lifestyle factors, socioeconomic factors, and reproductive factors [ 2 , 15 , 17 ]. The strength of the association between age at first childbirth and central obesity gradually decreased after adjustment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Age at first childbirth was 20–29 years for the majority of women (reference group) involved in this study. We could hypothesize that the reference group was at low risk for central obesity later in life because they did not have a first pregnancy during adolescence or at an advanced maternal age [ 13 , 15 ]. First childbirth for those 19 years or younger was defined as adolescent pregnancy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of Age at First Childbirth and Other Factors on Central Obesity in Postmenopausal Women: The 2013–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Lee¹,

Yoon²,

Lee³

et al. 2018

Korean J Fam Med

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BackgroundWaist circumference is one of the key components of metabolic syndrome. Recent studies demonstrated that the reproductive profile was associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. This study focused on the association between central obesity and age at first childbirth. It also considered other factors associated with central obesity in postmenopausal women.MethodsThis study was based on the 2013–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and involved 3,143 naturally postmenopausal women. These women were divided into three groups according to their age at first childbirth: 19 years or younger (n=252), 20–29 years (n=2,695), and 30 years or older (n=196). Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to evaluate the effects of various reproductive factors, including other confounding factors.ResultsDuring adjustment for confounding factors, in the early age at first childbirth group, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for central obesity decreased. In the final model, younger age at first childbirth was not significantly related to central obesity (waist circumference more than 85 cm) in naturally postmenopausal women after adjusting for other confounding factors.ConclusionYounger age at first childbirth was not significantly associated with central obesity after adjustment for confounding factors.

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Early Parturition: Is Young Maternal Age at First Birth Associated with Obesity?

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Associations of Pregnancy History with BMI and Weight Gain in 45–54-Year-Old Women

Associations of Pregnancy History with BMI and Weight Gain in 45–54-Year-Old Women

Early Menstrual Factors Are Associated with Adulthood Cardio-Metabolic Health in a Survey of Mexican Teachers

Effects of Age at First Childbirth and Other Factors on Central Obesity in Postmenopausal Women: The 2013–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

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