Early origins of obesity: programming the appetite regulatory system

McMillen, I. C.; Adam, Carole; Mühlhäusler, Beverly S.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.081992

Cited by 183 publications

(145 citation statements)

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“…Age at slaughter was similar for pigs from all treatment groups, although the pigs born to E sows were heaviest. This difference in weight may be explained by the trend towards higher growth rates, from birth to slaughter, of pigs born to E sows, suggesting that the growth of offspring may be programmed during early gestation (Barker, 1998;McMillen et al, 2005). Results of the current study also suggest that the programming of fat deposition may be influenced by the fatty acid profile of the maternal diet during early gestation, since the offspring of O sows were leaner at birth and at slaughter.…”

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confidence: 55%

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Growth and development of offspring following supplementation of sow diets with oil during early to mid gestation

Laws

Lean

et al. 2007

Animal

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The role of dietary fat during early pregnancy in sows has not yet been fully established. The aim of the study was to determine the consequences of altering the fatty acid profile of sow diets during the first half of gestation; oils of different fatty acid composition were chosen as energy supplements to provide diets with different fatty acid profiles. A group of 48 multiparous sows were used to evaluate the effects of supplemental feeding during the first 60 days of gestation (term ≈ 115 days). Sows were allocated (eight per treatment) to either 3 kg/day of commercial sow pellets (control; C) or an experimental diet consisting of 3 kg/day of commercial sow pellets supplemented with 10% extra energy in the form of excess pellets (E), palm oil (P), olive oil (O), sunflower oil (S) or fish oil (F). Differential effects were observed with respect to the fatty acid profile of the diet during the first half of gestation. P sows gave birth to the largest litters. Both P and O supplementation of the maternal diet resulted in heavier piglets at birth, after correction for differences in litter size. P piglets possessed the most fat at birth and remained fatter throughout the pre-weaning period; in contrast, the offspring of O sows contained the least fat throughout life (0 to 140 days of age). The offspring of F sows exhibited improved growth performance during the neonatal period. In conclusion, altering the fatty acid profile of sow diets during the first half of gestation has long-term consequences for the growth and development of their offspring.

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confidence: 55%

“…Pigs from P dams also possessed more fat at 21 days of age, suggesting that they may have been programmed to lay down fat early in gestation (Barker, 1998;McMillen et al, 2005). Fat is lighter per unit volume than either bone or muscle, but is more energy dense.…”

Section: --mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and development of offspring following supplementation of sow diets with oil during early to mid gestation

Laws

Lean

et al. 2007

Animal

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“…In addition to these age-dependent behavioral differences, the amount of food consumed during early rodent life plays an important role in determining subsequent food intake in later life (44). Following this initial observation, many studies have shown that postnatal nutrition is important for the regulation of appetite in adult rodents, suggesting that the energy balance is predominantly determined during early development (40).…”

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Pmchexpression during early development is critical for normal energy homeostasis

Mul

Berg³

et al. 2010

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Mul JD, Yi CX, van den Berg SAA, Ruiter M, Toonen PW, van der Elst MCJ, Voshol PJ, Ellenbroek BA, Kalsbeek A, la Fleur SE, Cuppen E. Pmch expression during early development is critical for normal energy homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298: E477-E488, 2010. First published November 24, 2009 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00154.2009.-Postnatal development and puberty are times of strong physical maturation and require large quantities of energy. The hypothalamic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) regulates nutrient intake and energy homeostasis, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here we use a novel rat knockout model in which the MCH precursor Pmch has been inactivated to study the effects of loss of MCH on energy regulation in more detail. Pmch Ϫ/Ϫ rats are lean, hypophagic, osteoporotic, and although endocrine parameters were changed in pmch Ϫ/Ϫ rats, endocrine dynamics were normal, indicating an adaptation to new homeostatic levels rather than disturbed metabolic mechanisms. Detailed body weight growth and feeding behavior analysis revealed that Pmch expression is particularly important during early rat development and puberty, i.e., the first 8 postnatal weeks. Loss of Pmch resulted in a 20% lower set point for body weight that was determined solely during this period and remained unchanged during adulthood. Although the final body weight is diet dependent, the Pmch-deficiency effect was similar for all diets tested in this study. Loss of Pmch affected energy expenditure in both young and adult rats, although these effects seem secondary to the observed hypophagia. Our findings show an important role for Pmch in energy homeostasis determination during early development and indicate that the MCH receptor 1 system is a plausible target for childhood obesity treatment, currently a major health issue in first world countries. melanin-concentrating hormone; hypothalamus; childhood obesity; rat knockout model CHILDHOOD OBESITY IS NOW WIDELY recognized as a severe public health issue (43). Treatment with drugs aimed at neural systems involved in the determination of the energy balance could potentially result in a lower energy balance during puberty as well as later in adulthood. Therefore, neuropeptides involved in body weight regulation during early development and puberty are attractive targets for anti-childhood obesity drugs.The neuronal metabolic systems in humans and primates develop prenatally, while in rodents these systems develop during the first 3 postnatal weeks (5, 21). This results in the activation and optimization of neuronal systems during early rodent development. A second important metabolic period is puberty, a period of major growth, hormonal changes, and sexual maturation. In the rat, puberty is characterized by different responses of young-adolescent [postnatal day (PND) 40] and young-adult (PND 60) male rats to environmental cues like stress and cold (17,18). In addition to these age-dependent behavioral differences, the amount of food consumed durin...

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“…In ob/ob mice that are deficient in leptin neuronal projections from the ARC fail to develop normally, but can be rescued by neonatal but not adult administration of exogenous leptin (38) . In addition to the likely effect of early-life nutrition on the developing neuronal architecture of the hypothalamus, there is also evidence from rodents and sheep of functional imbalances in hypothalamic neuropeptide systems following early-life interventions (35,39,40) . Whereas the evidence for programming events as a consequence of maternal undernutrition is quite firm, there is also an emerging consensus that maternal hyperglycaemia and obesity, i.e.…”

Section: Early-life Programming Of Susceptibility To Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Models and mechanisms of energy balance regulation in the young

Mercer

2008

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The proportion of the child and adolescent population that is in appropriate energy balance is declining throughout the developed world, and childhood obesity is a particular problem in the UK relative to other northern European countries. Assessment of the underlying causes of obesity, and the different routes to its development, may assist in the definition of successful intervention strategies. The network of peripheral and central (brain) regulatory systems that underlie energy balance and body weight and composition can, for the most part, only be approached experimentally through the study of appropriate laboratory animal models. This problem is particularly acute when the target is overweight and obesity in the young. Some of the mechanisms underlying the development of energy imbalance and specifically the onset of overweight and obesity in the young, and the metabolic health consequences of obesity, can be addressed by examination of experimental rodent models in which mutation of a single gene causes early-onset extreme obesity, genetic susceptibility to obesity is revealed in an obesogenic environment or early-life nutritional experience programmes susceptibility to obesity or metabolic problems in later life. These studies highlight genes that are essential to normal body-weight regulation in rodents and man, the impact of diet and diet-induced obesity on regulatory systems in the young and the potential sensitivity of developing regulatory systems to nutritional experiences in utero and during early life.Obesity: Diet: Developmental origins: Diet-induced obesity Obesity: prevalence and causationThe prevalence of obesity continues to grow across the developed and developing world and with it the accompanying comorbidities of type II diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and CHD, which contribute to the metabolic syndrome. Many States in the USA now have obesity (BMI> 30 kg/m 2 ) rates of >25 % (1) , while in European countries obesity prevalence is in the range 10-20 % for men, and 10-25 % for women (2) . The prevalence of obesity has increased by about 10-40 % in the majority of European countries in the past 10 years, and in the UK, for example, has more than doubled since 1983. Obesity also predisposes individuals to infertility and certain cancers, and contributes substantially to health inequalities, low self-esteem and inequalities in educational and employment opportunities. Although the definition of obesity in children and adolescents may be more problematic, overweight and obesity levels currently stand in the range 15-25 % in many countries (3) , and are projected to rise further. Problems of overweight and obesity before puberty are frequently carried on into adult life, thereby advancing the manifestation of metabolic complications.In view of the impact of the obesity epidemic on individuals and on healthcare resources, there is a clear need for effective interventions, be they based on lifestyle, dietary or pharmacological manipulations. Whereas obesity is ultimately the consequence of...

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Early origins of obesity: programming the appetite regulatory system

Cited by 183 publications

References 102 publications

Growth and development of offspring following supplementation of sow diets with oil during early to mid gestation

Growth and development of offspring following supplementation of sow diets with oil during early to mid gestation

Pmchexpression during early development is critical for normal energy homeostasis

Models and mechanisms of energy balance regulation in the young

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