Early onset type 2 diabetes: risk factors, clinical impact and management

Wilmot, Emma G; Idris, Iskandar

doi:10.1177/2040622314548679

Cited by 191 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Two‐thirds of the cases were female, significantly higher than in 2005 6. This female preponderance has been described previously 10 and the UK National Paediatric Diabetes Audit reported a female: male ratio of ~2:1 7. Girls tend to reach puberty earlier and puberty is associated with fat accumulation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Continuing rise of Type 2 diabetes incidence in children and young people in the UK

et al. 2018

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AimsTo estimate the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in children aged <17 years, compare this with similar data 10 years ago, and characterize clinical features at diagnosis in the UK and Republic of Ireland.MethodsUsing the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit reporting framework, cases of Type 2 diabetes diagnosed in children aged <17 years between 1 April 2015 and 30 April 2016 were reported each month.ResultsA total of 106 cases were reported, giving a UK incidence of 0.72/100 000 (95% CI 0.58–0.88). Children from ethnic minorities had significantly higher incidence compared with white children (0.44/100 000) with rates of 2.92/100 000 and 1.67/100 000, in Asian and BACBB (black/African/Caribbean/black British) children respectively. Sixty‐seven percent were girls and 81% had a family history of Type 2 diabetes. The mean BMI sd score at diagnosis was 2.89 (2.88, girls; 2.92, boys); 81% were obese. Children of Asian ethnicity had a significantly lower BMI sd score compared with white children (P<0.001). There was a trend in increased incidence from 2005 to 2015, with a rate ratio of 1.35 (95% CI 0.99–1.84), although this was not statistically significant (P=0.062). There was statistical evidence of increased incidence among girls (P=0.03) and children of South‐Asian ethnicity (P=0.01) when comparing the 2005 and 2015 surveys.ConclusionsType 2 diabetes remains far less common than Type 1 diabetes in childhood in the UK, but the number of cases continues to rise, with significantly increased incidence among girls and South‐Asian children over a decade. Female gender, family history, non‐white ethnicity and obesity were found to be strongly associated with the condition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Continuing rise of Type 2 diabetes incidence in children and young people in the UK

et al. 2018

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“…This result is similar to The National Diabetes Urban Survey (NUDS) conducted in India in 2000 which showed that more than 50% of diabetic cases developed T2DM before the age of 50 years [40]. Since the onset of T2DM is very early compared to other ethnic groups, complications and chronic risks of T2DM are set at an early years, cardiovascular risk [45][46][47], ischemic heart disease and neuropathy [46], other risks related with early onset of T2DM [48], obesity [49], clinical risk factor [50] agreement with many factors [51] etc. and therefore, mortality rate increases due to T2DM.…”

Section: Development Of Early Complicationssupporting

confidence: 86%

Analysis of complicating risk factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Raj¹,

Navis²,

Bhatti³

et al. 2018

Integr Obesity Diabetes

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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated disease affecting different populations and the starting age of subjects is as early as 15 years old. Since anthropometric, clinical and genetic risk factors are associated with the development of T2DM, the complications developed due to T2DM are life-threatening. Therefore, this research analyzes the complicating risk factors of T2DM. Materials and methods:An observational study of approximately 10,000 north Indian individuals were contacted and a total of 703 subjects (351 control subjects and 352 T2DM subjects) belonging to north Indian states were recruited for the analysis of the risk factors.Result: Very early onset of T2DM, very large undiagnosed population, high newly diagnosed T2DM subjects, independent effect of complicating risk factors etc. were the results obtained from the research. Conclusion:Considering the complications and early onset of T2DM, despite the other diseases along with T2DM, early mortality and increased mortality due to T2DM were observed in north Indian population.major role in the susceptibility to T2DM. There are much differences seen in insulin secretion and sensitivity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and T2DM in subjects with different risk factors [18]. However, new alcohol drinkers in middle age and drink rarely may experience benefit in cardiovascular disease and diabetic complication [19] whereas rare and light drinkers after increasing alcohol consumption over short period of time are associated with lower risk of T2DM [20]. Moreover, cigarette smoking and smoking cessation lead to higher short-term risk of T2DM [21].The long term complications of T2DM are chronic complications in circulatory system that may cause blindness, lower limb gangrene and renal failure in adults. It is also a major risk factor for strokes and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [22]. Since T2DM is common, its related disorders such as nephropathy [23], neuropathy and retinopathy are also more common. Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of T2DM and the prevalence of nephropathy has been increasing worldwide [24,25]. In subjects with CAD and T2DM, the complications lead to functional and structural vascular alterations of the peripheral Materials and MethodologyIn this research, a preliminary observation of incidence of T2DM subjects of approximately 10,000 was interviewed. Apart from this, 351 control and 352 T2DM subjects from nearby locations of Chandigarh belonging to the states of Haryana, Utter Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan, West Bengal etc. and resident of Chandigarh, Panchkula, Mohali, Baltana, etc. were recruited. This is because these cities/towns have resident migrated populations of these states. They were recruited at referral points /schools / hospitals etc. to administer the questionnaire for the data capture for this research. The subjects were completely analyzed using the criteria for control and T2DM subjects specified by diabetes associations. A formal broc...

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“…During the last 3 decades, the number of adults with diabetes has doubled, rising from 153 million in 1980 to ;366 million in 2011 (2,3). T2DM is associated with hyperglycemia, which results from insulin resistance mainly in peripheral tissues (4). Insulin resistance is caused by many risk factors, ranging from genes to the environment, with obesity as the most common contributor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) Protects Against Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting Inflammation Cascade in Adipose Tissue

Liu

Dou

et al. 2015

Diabetes

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Obesity is associated with chronic low-level inflammation, especially in fat tissues, which contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) modulates a variety of cellular processes such as cell proliferation and DNA damage responses. Particularly, PIAS1 functions in the innate immune system and is a key regulator of the inflammation cascade. However, whether PIAS1 is involved in the regulation of insulin sensitivity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that PIAS1 expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was downregulated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase in prediabetic mice models. Overexpression of PIAS1 in inguinal WAT of prediabetic mice significantly improved systemic insulin sensitivity, whereas knockdown of PIAS1 in wild-type mice led to insulin resistance. Mechanistically, PIAS1 inhibited the activation of stress-induced kinases and the expression of nuclear factor-κB target genes in adipocytes, mainly including proinflammatory and chemotactic factors. In doing so, PIAS1 inhibited macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, thus suppressing amplification of the inflammation cascade, which in turn improved insulin sensitivity. These results were further verified in a fat transplantation model. Our findings shed light on the critical role of PIAS1 in controlling insulin sensitivity and suggest a therapeutic potential of PIAS1 in T2DM.

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Early onset type 2 diabetes: risk factors, clinical impact and management

Cited by 191 publications

References 73 publications

Continuing rise of Type 2 diabetes incidence in children and young people in the UK

Continuing rise of Type 2 diabetes incidence in children and young people in the UK

Analysis of complicating risk factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) Protects Against Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting Inflammation Cascade in Adipose Tissue

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