Early Massive Fibrosis of a Single Extraocular Muscle Causing Severe Unilateral Euthyroid Graves’ Ophthalmopathy in a Patient with Hypercholesterolemia Who Smokes
Abstract:Background
Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune manifestation of orbit affecting approximately 25% of patients with Graves’ disease (GD). Autoreactive T cells involved in thyroid autoimmunity can recognize the thyroid-stimulating receptor (TSHr) expressed in orbital tissues of GO patients. Clinical manifestations of GO are rather different depending on the presence of some risk factors, such as smoking, hyperthyroidism duration, age, biological activity of anti-TSHr antibodies (TSH-R-Ab) a… Show more
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