Early life trauma – review of clinical and neurobiological studies

Abstract

Purpose: Psychological trauma is a significant risk factor for physical and mental health development distortion. This paper presents the results of longitudinal epidemiological surveys and naturalistic observations. It also reviews the results of the most important neurobiological findings in the field of impact of early life trauma on cognitive and emotional development, and the structure and functions of the brain. Views: Trauma is defined as subjective experiences that overwhelm a person's ability to maintain psychophysical integrity. During the stage of neurodevelopment, various life adversities, such as emotional and sensory deprivation, abandonment and neglect by caregivers as well as physical or emotional violence and sexual abuse overwhelm the physiological and mental capacity of a child and impact their cognitive, emotional and social development, adversely influencing adulthood functioning. Symptoms of abused children can evolve and change with time, from moderate signs of distress to more complex symptoms and organized disorders. The most important longitudinal studies, such as the Lives Across Time Study, Minnesota Study, Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, The Great Smoky Mountains Study, and the English and Romanian Adoptee Study are discussed in the paper. The lifelong influences of early adversities on brain structures like the corpus callosum, hippocampus, the amygdaloid nuclei, ventral striatum and cerebral cortex has been described. The variability of the sensitivity of specific brain regions, based on different rates of maturation, has also been discussed. Conclusions: This review integrates and summarizes the basic knowledge about the impact and neurobiological consequences of early traumatic adversities.

Effect of a neuropsychological intervention program on executive functions and social cognition in select child witnesses in the Colombian armed conflict.

“…The stress generated by chronic exposure to violence produces negative effects on brain circuits that link subcortical and cortical structures such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal lobes. These effects are expressed as difficulties in responding appropriately to social context (LeMoult et al, 2020; Rok-Bujko, 2021), and have been found in the cognitive profiles of child victims (Barrera-Valencia et al, 2017; Noriega et al, 2021; Pellizzoni et al, 2019).…”

“…Kaufman & Charney, 2001). When these brain regions are affected, individuals struggle to appropriately respond to stressful situations, exhibiting executive functioning and social cognition difficulties (Londoño-Arredondo et al, 2008; Rok-Bujko, 2021). At a cognitive level, executive functions are involved in the generation, control, regulation, and adjustment of behaviors (Tirapu-Ustárroz et al, 2017).…”

Perfil neuropsicológico de niños víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano

“…Los fallos atencionales desencadenan también en dificultades para codificar, almacenar y evocar información verbal y no verbal, hecho que corresponde con la evidencia sistemática de afectaciones estructurales en los hipocampos (Rok-Bujko, 2021;Wade et al, 2022). El actual estudio presenta resultados similares a los evidenciados en la literatura, identificando dificultades en atención visual y memoria verbal y no verbal.…”