25Aging, for virtually all life, is inescapable. However, within species and populations, 26 rates of biological aging (i.e., physical decline with age) vary across individuals. 27Understanding sources of variation in biological aging is therefore central to understanding 28 the biodemography of natural populations. Here, we constructed a DNA methylation-based 29 predictor of chronological age for a population of wild baboons in which behavioral, 30 ecological, and life history data have been collected for almost 50 years (N = 277 blood 31 samples from 245 individuals, including 30 who were longitudinally sampled). Consistent 32 with findings in humans and model organisms [1][2][3][4], DNA methylation patterns exhibit a 33 strong, clock-like association with chronological age, but individuals are often predicted to 34 be somewhat older or younger than their known age. However, the two most robust 35 predictors of lifespan described for this population-cumulative early adversity and social 36bond strength-do not explain this deviation. Instead, the single most predictive factor is 37 male dominance rank: high-ranking males are predicted to be biologically older than their 38 true chronological age, such that alpha males appear to be nearly a year older than their 39 known age. Longitudinal sampling indicates that males who climb the social hierarchy 40 subsequently look epigenetically "older," likely reflecting the high energetic costs of rank 41 attainment and maintenance in male baboons. Together, our results indicate that 42 environmental effects on survival and epigenetic age can be disjunct, and that achieving 43high rank for male baboons-the best predictor of reproductive success-imposes 44 physiological costs consistent with a "live fast, die young" life history strategy. 45 46