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Amino acids serve both to nourish and as signalling molecules in cells and, consequently, so do their biomembrane transporters. In fact, some of these transporters may initiate signalling while transporting an amino acid substrate rather than serving simply to transport a signalling molecule. Most amino acid transporters now appear to have been cloned, and virtually all the cloned transporters are listed in solute carrier tables for easy access online. The characteristics of the transporters as they are expressed normally in cells do not always correspond to the characteristics of cloned transporters, however, and their transport and signalling functions will likely continue to emerge long after all transporters have been identified. For example, amino acids are metabolised to products that regulate DNA and specific epigenetic histone modifications in embryonic stem cells in order to maintain their proliferation and pluripotency. Alterations in these histone modifications may be expressed in a transgenerational manner and include both intracellular and extracellular histone actions. Key Concepts At least 60 genes in 12 gene families encode amino acid transporters (see tables at http://slc.bioparadigms.org/ ). An amino acid may be listed as a substrate for a cloned transporter in these tables even though its transport has not been studied in detail. The characteristics of cloned amino acid transporters may not correspond to the ways they function in cellular physiology. Embryonic stem cells and their progenitors require specific environmental amino acids to remain undifferentiated. Metabolism of the required amino acids produce products that regulate DNA and specific epigenetic histone modifications needed to maintain stem cell proliferation and pluripotency. Mouse embryonic stem cells take up the threonine they require via at least three obligate exchange amino acid transporters. Human embryonic stem cells take up the methionine they need via amino acid transporter(s) that warrant full characterisation. A maternal low protein diet during pre‐ and peri‐implantation development of embryos likely alters epigenetic DNA and histone modifications in embryonic stem progenitor cells. These epigenetic DNA and histone alterations help to cause metabolic syndrome and related disorders, and they are likely transgenerational. Extracellular as well as intracellular histone actions may influence transgenerational phenotype.
Amino acids serve both to nourish and as signalling molecules in cells and, consequently, so do their biomembrane transporters. In fact, some of these transporters may initiate signalling while transporting an amino acid substrate rather than serving simply to transport a signalling molecule. Most amino acid transporters now appear to have been cloned, and virtually all the cloned transporters are listed in solute carrier tables for easy access online. The characteristics of the transporters as they are expressed normally in cells do not always correspond to the characteristics of cloned transporters, however, and their transport and signalling functions will likely continue to emerge long after all transporters have been identified. For example, amino acids are metabolised to products that regulate DNA and specific epigenetic histone modifications in embryonic stem cells in order to maintain their proliferation and pluripotency. Alterations in these histone modifications may be expressed in a transgenerational manner and include both intracellular and extracellular histone actions. Key Concepts At least 60 genes in 12 gene families encode amino acid transporters (see tables at http://slc.bioparadigms.org/ ). An amino acid may be listed as a substrate for a cloned transporter in these tables even though its transport has not been studied in detail. The characteristics of cloned amino acid transporters may not correspond to the ways they function in cellular physiology. Embryonic stem cells and their progenitors require specific environmental amino acids to remain undifferentiated. Metabolism of the required amino acids produce products that regulate DNA and specific epigenetic histone modifications needed to maintain stem cell proliferation and pluripotency. Mouse embryonic stem cells take up the threonine they require via at least three obligate exchange amino acid transporters. Human embryonic stem cells take up the methionine they need via amino acid transporter(s) that warrant full characterisation. A maternal low protein diet during pre‐ and peri‐implantation development of embryos likely alters epigenetic DNA and histone modifications in embryonic stem progenitor cells. These epigenetic DNA and histone alterations help to cause metabolic syndrome and related disorders, and they are likely transgenerational. Extracellular as well as intracellular histone actions may influence transgenerational phenotype.
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