Early infant feeding effect on growth and body composition during the first 6 years and neurodevelopment at age 72 months

Sobik, Sarah; Sims, Clark; McCorkle, Ginger; Bellando, Jayne; Sorensen, Seth T.; Badger, Thomas M.; Casey, Patrick H.; Williams, D Keith; Andres, Aline

doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01157-z

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…WT male mice fed SIF exhibited a 4.6-fold increase in learning (Figure 2D). Increased learning in WT male mice in response to SIF in the passive avoidance test concurs with elevated Children's Memory Scale (CMS) Index scores in typically developing males in the Beginnings Study soy infant formula cohort [30].…”

Section: Sif Is Associated With Altered Behaviormentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Most infant feeding studies have not differentiated between formula types when comparing developmental milestones with breast milk feeding. Thus, despite the prevalent use of soy-based infant formulas, there have been few longitudinal studies examining their effects on health, and none in developmental disability models [30,[48][49][50][51][52], which may be more prone to both positive and adverse effects in response to environmental and dietary factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Soy-Based Infant Formula on Weight Gain and Neurodevelopment in an Autism Mouse Model

Westmark

Filon

Maina

et al. 2022

Cells

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Mice fed soy-based diets exhibit increased weight gain compared to mice fed casein-based diets, and the effects are more pronounced in a model of fragile X syndrome (FXS; Fmr1KO). FXS is a neurodevelopmental disability characterized by intellectual impairment, seizures, autistic behavior, anxiety, and obesity. Here, we analyzed body weight as a function of mouse age, diet, and genotype to determine the effect of diet (soy, casein, and grain-based) on weight gain. We also assessed plasma protein biomarker expression and behavior in response to diet. Juvenile Fmr1KO mice fed a soy protein-based rodent chow throughout gestation and postnatal development exhibit increased weight gain compared to mice fed a casein-based purified ingredient diet or grain-based, low phytoestrogen chow. Adolescent and adult Fmr1KO mice fed a soy-based infant formula diet exhibited increased weight gain compared to reference diets. Increased body mass was due to increased lean mass. Wild-type male mice fed soy-based infant formula exhibited increased learning in a passive avoidance paradigm, and Fmr1KO male mice had a deficit in nest building. Thus, at the systems level, consumption of soy-based diets increases weight gain and affects behavior. At the molecular level, a soy-based infant formula diet was associated with altered expression of numerous plasma proteins, including the adipose hormone leptin and the β-amyloid degrading enzyme neprilysin. In conclusion, single-source, soy-based diets may contribute to the development of obesity and the exacerbation of neurological phenotypes in developmental disabilities, such as FXS.

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Section: Sif Is Associated With Altered Behaviormentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Soy-Based Infant Formula on Weight Gain and Neurodevelopment in an Autism Mouse Model

Westmark

Filon

Maina

et al. 2022

Cells

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“…According to Mennella et al 43 values representing gross motor skills and visual reception were significantly higher but that receptive language defining and the ability to process linguistic input were lower in children fed extensive protein hydrolyzate formulas in comparison to children fed cow milk formula 43 . The significant differences in body weight and composition and the difference in only one out of 8 parameters of intellectual skills between children fed breast milk, cow’s milk-based or soy protein-based formulas were reported at the age of 6 years 44 . The effect of infant feeding mode on childhood cognition and language discloses that significant differences were noted in children not younger than 36 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected content of kynurenine in mother’s milk and infant formulas

Marszałek‐Grabska

Stachniuk

Iwaniak

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Mother’s milk is widely recommended as complete food for the offspring in earliest postnatal time. However, the knowledge about detailed composition and the physiological role of bioactive components of breast milk is incomplete. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the content of kynurenine (KYN) in human breast milk during lactation and to explore the effects exerted by intragastric KYN administration from birth to weaning on physical and psychomotor development of adult rats. We found that KYN is consistently present in human milk and its content gradually increased from day 4 to 28 after delivery and that it is present in commercial baby formulas in amounts noticeably exceeding its physiological range. Animal studies showed that KYN supplementation resulted in a marked elevation of absorptive surface of rat intestine and in enhanced expression of both, aryl hydrocarbon receptor and G protein-coupled receptor 35 in the intestinal tissue in rats. Moreover, we discovered that KYN administration from birth to weaning resulted in neurobehavioral changes in adult rats. Therefore, we postulate that further research is required to thoroughly understand the function of KYN in early developmental stages of mammals and to ensure the safety of its presence in baby food products.

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“…In addition, we also recorded the details of the child including age and gender at the time of the hospital visit. The information on nutritional parameters like breastfeeding duration, the onset of solid food/weaning, and the onset of cow’s milk feed was collected since these are known to affect childhood growth [ 24 ]. We also noted the obstetrics and delivery history (gestational age at delivery, place and type of delivery, COVID-19 status during pregnancy).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Sociodemographic Factors on Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight Among Children Under Two Years of Age Born During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Central India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Wakode,

Bajpai,

Trushna

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Introduction The adverse effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on maternal and reproductive health extend beyond the immediate morbidity and mortality attributed directly to the disease. Pandemic-induced disruptions in the healthcare, social and economic infrastructures can exacerbate the already high burden of childhood undernutrition in India. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in a selected district of the central Indian province of Madhya Pradesh. Data was collected from eligible children born during the COVID-19 pandemic (February 2020 to December 2021) who visited a selected tertiary care hospital for routine immunization during the study period. Weight-for-length, weight-for-age, and length-for-age were compared with reference values to obtain corresponding z-scores. Children with z-scores two standard deviations below the reference values were considered wasting, underweight and stunting, respectively. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarise the sociodemographic characteristics of participants. The association of sociodemographic, nutritional, and pregnancy-related factors with the z-scores were assessed via unpaired t-test and ANOVA. Result The studied 147 children were in the age group of nine to 29 months, of which 61 (58.1%) were males. Forty-two (28.6%) were found to be underweight, 22 (14.9%) had wasting and 51 (34.7%) were stunted. These prevalences were comparable to the estimates of the National Family Health Survey 2019-2021 (NFHS-5) for Madhya Pradesh and lower than the NFHS-4 (2015-2016), showing no discernible effect of being born during the pandemic on growth indicators. However, mothers' employment and family income were independent predictors of stunting whereas gestational age at birth, maternal education, and prolonged breastfeeding were all substantially linked with wasting in this study. Conclusion This study adds to the evidence base by reporting the prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight along with their determinants in central India among children born during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our data did not reflect the expected increase in child malnutrition due to the COVID-19 pandemic-related disruptions in healthcare, social and economic infrastructure. Future research should incorporate the lessons learnt from our study to design a population-based study of under-five children and compare the prevalence of undernutrition in pandemic-born versus non-pandemic-born children.

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Early infant feeding effect on growth and body composition during the first 6 years and neurodevelopment at age 72 months

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Effects of Soy-Based Infant Formula on Weight Gain and Neurodevelopment in an Autism Mouse Model

Effects of Soy-Based Infant Formula on Weight Gain and Neurodevelopment in an Autism Mouse Model

Unexpected content of kynurenine in mother’s milk and infant formulas

Influence of Sociodemographic Factors on Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight Among Children Under Two Years of Age Born During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Central India: A Cross-Sectional Study

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