Early Infant Diet and the Omega 3 Fatty Acid DHA: Effects on Resting Cardiovascular Activity and Behavioral Development During the First Half-Year of Life

Pivik, R.T.; Dykman, Roscoe A.; Jing, Hongkui; Gilchrist, Janet M.; Badger, Thomas M.

doi:10.1080/87565640802646726

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…All LC-PUFA-enriched formula groups showed a reduced heart rate, without a recognizable dose-response relationship to levels of DHA intake [107]. These results confirm previous observations by Pivik et al [108] who reported higher heart rates and lower values for heart rate variability measures in infants fed diets without DHA compared to DHA-containing formula. The effects appeared from 4 months onwards and were interpreted as increased parasympathetic tone in infants receiving DHA.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

et al. 2014

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The Early Nutrition Academy supported a systematic review of human studies on the roles of pre- and postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) published from 2008 to 2013 and an expert workshop that reviewed the information and developed recommendations, considering particularly Asian populations. An increased supply of n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women should achieve an additional supply ≥200 mg docosahexaenic acid (DHA)/day, usually achieving a total intake ≥300 mg DHA/day. Higher intakes (600-800 mg DHA/day) may provide greater protection against early preterm birth. Some studies indicate beneficial effects of pre- and postnatal DHA supply on child neurodevelopment and allergy risk. Breast-feeding is the best choice for infants. Breast-feeding women should get ≥200 mg DHA/day to achieve a human milk DHA content of ∼0.3% fatty acids. Infant formula for term infants should contain DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) to provide 100 mg DHA/day and 140 mg AA/day. A supply of 100 mg DHA/day should continue during the second half of infancy. We do not provide quantitative advice on AA levels in follow-on formula fed after the introduction of complimentary feeding due to a lack of sufficient data and considerable variation in the AA amounts provided by complimentary foods. Reasonable intakes for very-low-birth weight infants are 18-60 mg/kg/day DHA and 18-45 mg/kg/day AA, while higher intakes (55-60 mg/kg/day DHA, ∼1% fatty acids; 35-45 mg/kg/day AA, ∼0.6-0.75%) appear preferable. Research on the requirements and effects of LC-PUFA during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood should continue.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

et al. 2014

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“…In our cohort, standardized mental, psychomotor, and language development scores were very similar among the 3 feeding groups, with averages falling within the clinically normal limits. 17,18,23 In the current study, we focused on the developmental status of SF relative to MF infants because of concerns related to high levels of potentially estrogenic soy isoflavones that could affect central nervous system development. The follow-up of the infants in our study to age 6 years will help us determine whether diet effects will emerge later in life or further support our hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Status of 1-Year-Old Infants Fed Breast Milk, Cow’s Milk Formula, or Soy Formula

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although soy formula has been reported to support normal development, concerns exist regarding potential adverse developmental effects of phytochemicals associated with soy protein. This study characterized developmental status (mental, motor, and language) of breastfed (BF), milk-based formula–fed (MF), or soy protein–based formula–fed (SF) infants during the first year of life. METHODS: Healthy infants (N = 391) were assessed longitudinally at ages 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Development was evaluated by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Preschool Language Scale-3. Mixed effects models were used while adjusting for socioeconomic status, mother’s age and IQ, gestational age, gender, birth weight, head circumference, race, age, and diet history. RESULTS: No differences were found between formula-fed infants (MF versus SF). BF infants scored slightly higher than formula-fed infants on the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) score at ages 6 and 12 months (P < .05). Infants who were breastfed also had higher Psychomotor Development Index scores than SF infants at age 6 months and slightly higher Preschool Language Scale-3 scores than MF infants at ages 3 and 6 months (P < .05). In addition, BF infants had a lower probability to score within the lower MDI quartile compared with MF infants and a higher likelihood to score within the upper quartile for the MDI and Psychomotor Development Index compared with SF infants. CONCLUSIONS: This unique study showed that all scores on developmental testing were within established normal ranges and that MF and SF groups did not differ significantly. Furthermore, this study demonstrated a slight advantage of BF infants on cognitive development compared with formula-fed infants.

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“…The Pivik study (17) evaluated variations in resting heart rate measures during the first half-year of life in healthy, full-term infants who were either breast-fed, fed milk-based formula, or fed SIF ± docosahexanenoic acid (DHA) supplementation. The study population was drawn from the Beginning Study and included 64 male infants aged 2 months.…”

Section: The Evidence Supporting Soy-based Therapeutic Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soy-Based Therapeutic Baby Formulas: Testable Hypotheses Regarding the Pros and Cons

Westmark

2017

Front. Nutr.

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Soy-based infant formulas have been consumed in the United States since 1909, and currently constitute a significant portion of the infant formula market. There are efforts underway to generate genetically modified soybeans that produce therapeutic agents of interest with the intent to deliver those agents in a soy-based infant formula platform. The threefold purpose of this review article is to first discuss the pros and cons of soy-based infant formulas, then present testable hypotheses to discern the suitability of a soy platform for drug delivery in babies, and finally start a discussion to inform public policy on this important area of infant nutrition.

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Early Infant Diet and the Omega 3 Fatty Acid DHA: Effects on Resting Cardiovascular Activity and Behavioral Development During the First Half-Year of Life

Cited by 34 publications

References 77 publications

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

Developmental Status of 1-Year-Old Infants Fed Breast Milk, Cow’s Milk Formula, or Soy Formula

Soy-Based Therapeutic Baby Formulas: Testable Hypotheses Regarding the Pros and Cons

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