Early ICU Energy Deficit Is a Risk Factor for Staphylococcus aureus Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Clinical Outcomes of Inadequate Calorie Delivery and Protein Deficit in Surgical Intensive Care Patients

“…The median 28-day VFD was 19 (IQR, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. During hospitalization, a total of 15 patients (16%) died.…”

“…Our threshold was much lower, and the deficit accumulated more insidiously during a 2-week period. In medical patients, Faisy and colleagues 9,16 found that cumulative deficits were predictive of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus and suggested a daily energy deficit of 5021 kJ (approximately 1199 cal) as a threshold for predicting ICU mortality. In our study, the daily calorie deficit threshold for predicting complications and increased length of stay in surgical patients was remarkably similar (1107 cal); however, differences in mortality in our study were not significant, most likely because of the small number of patients.…”

“…No difference in in-hospital or 30-day mortality was detected between low-and high-calorie deficit groups. (14) 3 (8) 3 (8) 5 (14) 9 (24) 36 (97) 1891 (396) 98 (15) 1154 (462) 51 (21) 737 (544) 47 (24) 8467 (5058) 523 (210) 62 (22) 56 (20) 15 (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) 15 (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) 14 (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)…”

The Vexing Problem of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Observations on Pathophysiology, Public Policy, and Clinical Science

“…124 Cumulative energy deficits among mechanically ventilated medical ICU subjects have been associated with increasing risk of VAP from 3-to 16-fold as energy deficits rise from 30 to 67%. 125 …”

Best Timing for Energy Provision during Critical Illness

“…In a French study, including 38 medical ICU consecutive adult patients intubated for at least 7 days on early exclusive enteral feeding, the patients with a mean energy defi cit of -1,200 kcal/day had a higher ICU mortality rate than patients with lower defi cit after two weeks (p = 0.01) [33]. Th e same authors showed recently that the level of energy defi cit was also a determinant of the type of microbial agents causing the infectious complications, Staphylococcus aureus being pre dominant in ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with the largest energy defi cits [34]. Th is phenomenon is worldwide as shown by Alberda et al in 2,772 mechanically ventilated patients [2]: Th e level of energy intake averaged 14 kcal/kg/day across countries with a mean delivery of 1,034 kcal/day and 47 g protein/day.…”