Early Holocene Pecan, <i>Carya Illinoensis</i>, in the Mississippi River Valley Near Muscatine, Iowa

Bettis, E. Arthur; Baker, Richard G.; Nations, B. K.; Benn, David W.

doi:10.1016/0033-5894(90)90088-3

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…(Manchester, 1987). Thus, movement of pecan cannot be distinguished from that of other hickories but pecan had reached its present-day northern limit by at least 10,300 BP (Bettis et al, 1990).…”

Section: Seed Dispersal Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Adaptability of Pecan as a Species

Sparks¹

2005

HortSci

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Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] is indigenous to the Mississippi River drainage system of the United States. Climate in the native pecan region ranges from humid to semiarid and from mild to harsh winters. Rainfall is bimodal with peaks in March to April and in August to September. Pecan is site specific and is the climax tree species on loamy, well drained, first bottom river land with a relatively high water table. Detrimental effects from pecan's shade intolerance from its more vigorous, sympatric species are minimized as these species are specific to differ sites. Pecan's deep and phreatophytic rooting habit ensures soil moisture during drought periods and facilitates pecan's survival in semiarid regions. Root development in the humus-surface layer ensures nutrient uptake from the most nutrient rich layer of the soil and, when the lower soil profile is saturated, aeration for the roots and water and nutrient uptake. The bimodal rain pattern replenishes soil profile moisture and its timing ensures seed germination, stand establishment, well-developed seed, and minimal drought stress. Natural selection for freeze tolerance and for minimum fruit development time allows survival in areas with harsh winters and short growing seasons. Regulation of seed germination and budbreak by heating and chilling results in pecan being native in cold and warm climates, greatly increasing the native range. The northern limit for pecan is dictated by heat units; the southern limit is restricted by lack of bimodal rains and vivipary. Reproductive stress is caused by the high lipid content of seed, but is counteracted by a long juvenile growth period of the seedling, by a small nut size and low percentage kernel, and by “off” production years of the tree. Nut and percentage kernel decrease as the growing season decreases which contributes to species survival in geographical regions with a short growing season. Selection for small nuts with low percentage kernel is enhanced by predators. Tree reserves are depleted by heavy production during “on” years and are replenished during “off”years. Perpetuation of pecan forests is apparently from sib/half sib seedlings following predator satiation while dissemination into new areas may be mainly by predators. Pecan and its pests successfully co-exist. Major defense against fruit feeders is escape in time, leaf feeders by biological associations and accommodation, and leaf diseases by confrontation. Heterozygous progenies from cross-pollination provide ample genetic diversity for continuous pecan selection to endure pressures imposed throughout a wide climatic range. Ecological adaptions within native pecan forests should be used in developing and maintaining commercial pecan orchards.

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Section: Seed Dispersal Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Pecan is the dominant Carya species in its riverine habitat (Bettis et al, 1990;Maggio et al, 1991). Water hickory [Carya aquatica (Michx.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptability of Pecan as a Species

Sparks¹

2005

HortSci

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“…Colluvial slope and alluvial fan sedimentation in this area is far removed from the direct influence of the Mississippi River, which has been in a valley-center position during the last 7000 years Bettis et al, 1992. Colluvial slopes and alluvial fans on both sides of the valley have prograded wetlands occupying late Wisconsin/early Holocene Mississippi channels along the valley margins (Bettis et al, 1990(Bettis et al, , 1992.…”

Section: Regional and Local Ca Patterns In The Muscatine Sand Island/mentioning

confidence: 98%

Patterns in Holocene colluvium and alluvial fans across the prairie–forest transition in the midcontinent USA

Bettis

2003

Geoarchaeology

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The sediments composing alluvial fans and colluvial slopes harbor some of the most wellpreserved and continuous records of human habitation on the North American continent. Geoarchaeological investigations in the midcontinent of North America have revealed spatial and temporal patterns of sedimentation that control regional and local visibility, preservation, and distribution of archaeological deposits in colluvial slope and alluvial fan settings. Regional colluvial slope and alluvial fan sedimentation began ca. 8,500 yr B.P. Two major fan and slope building episodes are represented in most areas: 8500-6500 and 6000-2000 yr B.P. Within each of the major aggradation episodes, sedimentation was episodic, with shorter intervening periods of reduced sedimentation and soil formation. Late Holocene shifting of feeder stream trenches removed earlier apex and mid-fan fan sediments, formed a complex series of cutand-fill fan-trench sequences, and deposited a series of coalescing distal fan lobes. Archaeological deposits older than approximately 8500 yr B.P. pre-date aggradation of Holocene alluvial fans and colluvial slopes and are not found in these landforms, while archaeological deposits younger than 2000 yr B.P. are shallowly buried on colluvial slopes and alluvial fans except in filled fan-head trenches and distal fan lobes. The challenge for interpreting and managing cultural resources in alluvial fan and colluvial slope settings is to properly evaluate how geologic processes have modified cultural patterns and affected the visibility of the archaeological record. ᭧

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“…However, fossil fruits of Carya have rarely been reported from southeastern North America. To the best of our knowledge, the only known fossil fruit species of Carya in this region are represented by C. illinoinensis from the early Holocene of Muscatine, Iowa (Bettis et al, ), and Carya sp. from the Miocene of Brandon, Vermont (Tiffney, ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

New fossil fruits of Carya (Juglandaceae) from the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene in Tennessee, eastern United States

Huang

Liu

Zavada

2014

J of Sytematics Evolution

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Fossil fruits including nuts and associated husk valves of a new species of Carya (Juglandaceae) are described from the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene in northeastern Tennessee, eastern United States. The husk valves are elliptic, 1.2–4.5 mm thick, with a convex exterior face and a concave interior face; the nuts are globose to ovoid in shape, smooth and longitudinally ribbed on exterior surface, with a short protruding apex and a slightly 4‐angled base; inner ribs, lacunae and primary septa are well‐developed, while secondary septa are absent or weakly developed. The combination of these carpological characteristics clearly shows a close resemblance to the genus Carya in Juglandaceae. Detailed comparisons of carpological morphology and anatomy indicate that the present fossil taxon is different from both living and most other fossil species of the genus, and therefore warrants the designation of a new fossil species, Carya tennesseensis Huang et al., sp. nov. Carya tennesseensis displays a carpological similarity to C. ventricosa from the late Oligocene to early Pliocene in Europe, suggesting a potential species exchange of the genus between Europe and southeastern North America during the late Neogene. The new fossil species represents one of the few fruit fossil species of Carya from its modern distribution range in southeastern North America. It provides crucial information for better understanding the rapid diversification of the genus from the late Miocene to early Pliocene, and the origin and establishment of today's Carya biodiversity in this region.

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Early Holocene Pecan, Carya Illinoensis, in the Mississippi River Valley Near Muscatine, Iowa

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

Adaptability of Pecan as a Species

Adaptability of Pecan as a Species

Patterns in Holocene colluvium and alluvial fans across the prairie–forest transition in the midcontinent USA

New fossil fruits of Carya (Juglandaceae) from the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene in Tennessee, eastern United States

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