Early HIV infection is associated with reduced proportions of gamma delta T subsets as well as high creatinine and urea levels

Olusola, Babatunde A.; Kabelitz, Dieter; Olaleye, David O.; Odaibo, Georgina N.

doi:10.1111/sji.12868

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, Y86W was associated with HIV-1 clade B and E ( Fukada et al, 2002 ). Besides previous studies, we have also reported the high levels of creatinine among HIV-infected Africans during the early stages of infection( Bruggeman et al, 2000 ; Marras et al, 2002 ; Olusola et al, 2017 , 2020b ). In our study, we also showed that immune activation of CTL was ongoing and correlated positively with high creatinine levels in these early HIV-1 infected individuals ( Olusola et al, 2020b ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…In one of these studies ( Olusola et al, 2020b ), we also showed that immune activation of CTL was ongoing and correlated positively with high creatinine levels in early HIV-1 infected individuals. However, the effect of antibodies on creatinine levels were not observed in the previous study ( Olusola et al, 2020b ). As shown in Figure 4 , there were differences in serum creatinine concentrations between early HIV-1 infection and seroconversion for the three individuals studied among the five persons followed up.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…We had earlier reported high levels of creatinine among HIV-infected Africans and African-Americans during the early stages of infection ( Olusola et al, 2017 , 2020b ). In one of these studies ( Olusola et al, 2020b ), we also showed that immune activation of CTL was ongoing and correlated positively with high creatinine levels in early HIV-1 infected individuals. However, the effect of antibodies on creatinine levels were not observed in the previous study ( Olusola et al, 2020b ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The profile of the follow-up schedule is shown in Table 2 . These individuals were screened for HIV-1 infection at every visit using the earlier described protocol ( Olusola et al, 2017 , 2020b ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-synonymous Substitutions in HIV-1 GAG Are Frequent in Epitopes Outside the Functionally Conserved Regions and Associated With Subtype Differences

2021

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In 2019, 38 million people lived with HIV-1 infection resulting in 690,000 deaths. Over 50% of this infection and its associated deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. The West African region is a known hotspot of the HIV-1 epidemic. There is a need to develop an HIV-1 vaccine if the HIV epidemic would be effectively controlled. Few protective cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes within the HIV-1 GAG (HIV_gagconsv) have been previously identified to be functionally conserved among the HIV-1 M group. These epitopes are currently the focus of universal HIV-1 T cell-based vaccine studies. However, these epitopes’ phenotypic and genetic properties have not been observed in natural settings for HIV-1 strains circulating in the West African region. This information is critical as the usefulness of universal HIV-1 vaccines in the West African region depends on these epitopes’ occurrence in strains circulating in the area. This study describes non-synonymous substitutions within and without HIV_gagconsv genes isolated from 10 infected Nigerians at the early stages of HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, we analyzed these substitutions longitudinally in five infected individuals from the early stages of infection till after seroconversion. We identified three non-synonymous substitutions within HIV_gagconsv genes isolated from early HIV infected individuals. Fourteen and nineteen mutations outside the HIV_gagconsv were observed before and after seroconversion, respectively, while we found four mutations within the HIV_gagconsv. These substitutions include previously mapped CTL epitope immune escape mutants. CTL immune pressure likely leaves different footprints on HIV-1 GAG epitopes within and outside the HIV_gagconsv. This information is crucial for universal HIV-1 vaccine designs for use in the West African region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-synonymous Substitutions in HIV-1 GAG Are Frequent in Epitopes Outside the Functionally Conserved Regions and Associated With Subtype Differences

2021

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“…There was about 12 month’s interval between the penultimate visit and the one in which antibodies were detected. At every visit, these individuals were screened for HIV-1 infection using earlier described protocol[43,44].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non synonymous substitutions in HIV-1 GAG are frequent in epitopes outside the major hydrophobic region and associated with subtype differences

Olusola

Olaleye

Odaibo

2020

Preprint

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In 2018, an estimated 38 million people lived with HIV-1 infection resulting in 770,000 deaths. More than 50% of this infection and its associated deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a need to develop an HIV-1 vaccine if the epidemic would be effectively controlled. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes within the Major Hydrophobic Region (MHR) have been shown to be highly immunogenic and immuno-dominant. These conserved epitopes have recently been the focus of vaccine studies. Despite the West African epicenter having one of the highest numbers of diverse circulating HIV-1 strains, very few longitudinal studies have checked the frequencies of CTL immune escape variants on epitopes within and without the MHR for HIV-1 strains circulating in the region. In this study, we describe non-synonymous substitutions within and without the MHR of HIV-1 GAG genes isolated from 10 infected Nigerians at the early stages of HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, we analyzed these substitutions longitudinally in five infected individuals from the early stages of infection up until when antibodies become detectable. We identified 3 non-synonymous substitutions within the MHR of HIV-1 GAG genes isolated from the early HIV infected individuals. Fourteen and nineteen mutations outside the MHR were observed before and after the detection of antibodies respectively while 4 mutations were found within the MHR. These substitutions include previously mapped CTL epitope immune escape mutants. CTL immune pressure likely leaves different footprints on HIV-1 GAG epitopes within and outside the MHR. This information is crucial for future vaccine designs for use in the West African region.

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New infections and HIV‐1 subtypes among febrile persons and blood donors in Oyo State, Nigeria

Olusola

Olaleye

Odaibo

2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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Purpose There were approximately 37.9 million persons infected with HIV in 2018 globally, resulting in 770,000 deaths annually. Over 50% of this infection and deaths occur in sub‐Saharan Africa, with countries like Nigeria being seriously affected. Nigeria has one of the highest rates of new infections globally. To control HIV infection in Nigeria, there is a need to continually screen high‐risk groups for early HIV infection and subtypes using very sensitive methods. In this study, new HIV‐1 infection and circulating HIV‐1 subtypes among febrile persons and blood donors were determined. Performance characteristics of three commercial EIA kits were also evaluated. Methods In total, 1028 participants were recruited for the study. New HIV‐1 infection and subtypes were determined using enzyme immunoassays and molecular techniques, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and agreements were compared among the EIA kits using PCR‐confirmed HIV‐positive and negative samples. Results The overall prevalence of HIV infection in this study was 5.35%. The rate of new HIV infection was significantly different (p < .03674) among 1028 febrile persons (Ibadan: 2.22%; Saki: 1.36%) and blood donors (5.07%) studied. Three subtypes, CRF02_AG, A, and G, were found among those with new HIV infection. Whereas the commercial ELISA kits had very high specificities (94.12%, 100%, and 100%) for HIV‐1 detection, Alere Determine HIV‐1 antibody rapid kit had the lowest sensitivity score (50%). Conclusion Genetic diversity of HIV‐1 strains among infected individuals in Oyo State, Nigeria, is still relatively high. This high level of diversity of HIV‐1 strains may impact the reliability of diagnosis of the virus in Nigeria and other African countries where many of the virus strains co‐circulate.

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Early HIV infection is associated with reduced proportions of gamma delta T subsets as well as high creatinine and urea levels

Cited by 8 publications

References 53 publications

Non-synonymous Substitutions in HIV-1 GAG Are Frequent in Epitopes Outside the Functionally Conserved Regions and Associated With Subtype Differences

Non-synonymous Substitutions in HIV-1 GAG Are Frequent in Epitopes Outside the Functionally Conserved Regions and Associated With Subtype Differences

Non synonymous substitutions in HIV-1 GAG are frequent in epitopes outside the major hydrophobic region and associated with subtype differences

New infections and HIV‐1 subtypes among febrile persons and blood donors in Oyo State, Nigeria

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