Early experience, genotype, and temperament in Musmusculus.

Lindzey, Gardner; Winston, Harvey D.; Manosevitz, Martin

doi:10.1037/h0047175

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A study by Lindzey, Wi nston & Mano� sevitz (118) replicated with added controls a previous finding that two-minute exposure to a doorbell ringing inside a washtub on four successive days, starting at four days of age, resulted in less activity and more defecation in the open field test at 30 days, a pattern which has been described as emotionally disturbed by other investigators, as mentioned below. A study by Lindzey, Wi nston & Mano� sevitz (118) replicated with added controls a previous finding that two-minute exposure to a doorbell ringing inside a washtub on four successive days, starting at four days of age, resulted in less activity and more defecation in the open field test at 30 days, a pattern which has been described as emotionally disturbed by other investigators, as mentioned below.…”

Section: Early Developmentsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Over a period of fifty years or less, substantial changes have been detected in human subjects in physical growth and bio logic maturity (38), linguistic development (58,143), and socialization prac tices (27). From the studies already noted in connection with other topics in this paper (49,118,159,160,203) the burgeoning and productive field of behavior genetics in ani mals hardly seems in need of advocacy. Replicability is very largely a function of how well we handle the problem of multiple determinants.…”

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confidence: 81%

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Developmental Psychology

Bell¹

1965

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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age R2 for age when it was considered alone was .158, but the value was reduced to only.035 after the variation in a composite measure of perceptual speed was controlled. These results therefore suggest that almost 807o (i.e., [. I 58 -.035 ]l I 58 = .778) ofthe age-related variance in certain measures offluid cognition is associated with variations in perceptual speed.The research reported in this article was designed with two major goals in mind. One goal was to examine the generality of the speed-mediation phenomenon by including measures of memory in addition to measures of fluid or process aspects of cognition. Extending the research in this direction is ofinterest, because less convincing support for a mediational effect of speed was found with m€asures reflecting memory functioning in the partial correlation analyses reported in Salthouse (l 985a). That is, partialing a measure ofprocessing speed had a smaller effect on the correlations between age and measures of memory than it did on the correlations between age and measures of other types of cognitive functioning. Moreover, additional analyses on the data from the Salthouse et al. (1988) project similar to those summarized in Table I also revealed weaker attenuation ofthe age relations ficr measures representing memory functioning than for measures representing other types of cognitive functioning. For example, the attenuation was only 63.8Vo for a measure of the accuracy of reproducing the identities of items in a matrix, only 4'l .59o for a measure of the accuracy of reproducing the positions of items in a matrix, and only l6.7vo for a measure of paired-associate memory.The smaller attenuation of the age-related memory differences after control of measures of speed raises the possibility that quickness of mental operations may be a less important factor in the age differences in traditional memory tests than in cognitive tests assessing reasoning or spatial abilities. Although this speculation is plausible on the basis ofthe available results, stronger evidence ofthe differential influence ofspeed on cognitive and memory measures is desirable before one can conclude that speed factors have a minimal role in the relations between age and memory. One type of evidence that would be relevant in this regard would be a discovery that substantial age-related effects remained after statistical control of a measure of perceptual speed, or equivalently, a finding that the Speed Mediation of Adult Age Differences in Cognition Timothy A. Salthouse Previous research has established that a large proportion of the adult age-related variance in various measures offluid or process cognition is reduced when statistical control procedures such as hierarchical regression are used to eliminate variation in measures ofperceptual speed. This finding was confirmed in the present study and was extended to include paired-associate and free-recall measures of memory in addition to measures of reasoning and spatial abilities. Most of the speed mediation was associated with s...

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Section: Early Developmentsupporting

confidence: 54%

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confidence: 81%

Developmental Psychology

Bell¹

1965

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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“…For C57BL/6.I mice, exploratory behavior decreased sig nificantly between 2 and 6 months and remained stable thereafter. Emotionality remained unchanged with advancing age for both strains of mice.Age and strain differences in locomotor activity, emotionality, and ex ploratory behavior have been investigated for a variety of species [e.g., G o o d r ic h , 1971a; Lindzey et a!., 1963;Bernstein and M ason, 1962], Although these behaviors are measured most frequently in the open field when rats and mice are used as subjects, specific indices vary from study to study. For example.…”

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confidence: 99%

Emotionality, Exploratory Behavior, and Locomotion in Aging Inbred Strains of Mice

Elias¹,

Elias²,

Eleftheriou³

1975

Gerontology

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Two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, ranging in age from 2 to 38 months, were tested in an open field using the free exploration method. Scores were obtained for locomotor activity, exploratory behavior and emotionality. Strain differences were observed for all three variables. Beginning at late maturity (12 months), locomotor activity decreased with increasing age. Exploratory behavior was at a low level for DBA/2J mice at all ages. For C57BL/6J mice, exploratory behavior decreased significantly between 2 and 6 months and remained stable thereafter. Emotionality remained unchanged with advancing age for both strains of mice.

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“…It would appea r that the conditions of testing generally separate the strains in the same order. The obvious exceptions are the data by Lindzey et al (1960Lindzey et al ( , 1963, where DBA's show the shortest latency to emerge from a stovepipe. It can be a r gued that emerging from one environment into another is a matter quite different from the other situations where the animal simply locomotes from one part of an apparatus to another.…”

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confidence: 93%

Persistent genotypic differences in mouse activity under unusually varied circumstances

Thiessen

1965

Psychon Sci

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AblltraetTwenty-one compa risons of ac tivity difference s a mong C57, DBA and C3H st rains of mi ce have app eared over th e past 11 yr . Despite wide variations in the use of substrains, experimental te chniques and testing device s, st r ain r ank order remain s statis tical ly stable. Such uniformity may indi cate well-buffered physiologi cal cor rela te s . ProblemThe changeable nature of gene ac tion is well known to behavior geneticists. Generally three modes of variation a r e recognized: (1) differential gene expres sion contingent on the prevailing genotypic background; (2) di verse ca na li za ti on of gene acti on due to envir onmental pressure s during development; and (3) varied r e sponses depending on the level and kind of envir onme ntal stimulation. Such diversity of response demonstrate s unequivocabl y gen e-environment interac tion, but at the same time provides an a r ray of indi vidu al va riation often difficult to work with experimentally and conc eptually. This repo rt summarizes data which a re exc epti ona l in that phenotypic differences in beh avio r al activity a mong three inbred st r ain s of mice tend to persist und er a ll three sources of variation noted above . I ethod and ResultsTh e increasing us e of inbred strains of mice for beh avioral wo r k made it po ssible to compil e and compa re a ctivity data from a variety of sou r ce s and conditi ons of measurement. Available data on spontaneous ac tivity for the C57, DBA and C3H strains are shown in Table 1. For each of the 21 independent comparisons, the r elative standings of the three strains are indicated. The strain showing the greatest a mount of ac ti vity is a r bit r ar il y a ssigne d the s core of 100 and the two other strains a r e adju ste d in value to show thei r po sitions relative to th e highe st strain. In three cases , unequ al numb ers of subst rains within major strain lines wer e te sted (Bruell, 1964a,b; Thompson, 1953); consequently , sub strain s cores were ave r aged and used as s ing le s core s . Short laten cies of response, where applicable , a re cons ider ed equiva lent to high a ctivi ty .Sources of animal , exper iential a nd exper imental va r ia ti on a re greater tha n mos t pla nne d experime nt s possibl y could be. Ei ght substrains of the C57 line were used, some separated fro m the origina l line for nearly 44 yr . Four sub s t rains of the DBA lin e were tested, some whic h diverged from the pa rental stock 35 yr . ago. Six su bstrain s of the C3H stoc k were obs erved, again P s ych on . Sci. , 1965 , Vo l. 3 in some ca se s , with separate breeding histories extending over 35 yr. Experiential and experimental variations are just as great. Some investigators applied early noxious stimulation to their animals (Lindzey etal,1960(Lindzey etal, , 1963; others used alcohol fuming immediately prior to te sting (Schlesinger et al, 1962); and one altered population density by 20-fold (Thiessen, 1964). Moreover, the investigators worked on the East and West coasts and the Midwest of the U...

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Early experience, genotype, and temperament in Musmusculus.

Cited by 43 publications

References 25 publications

Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Emotionality, Exploratory Behavior, and Locomotion in Aging Inbred Strains of Mice

Persistent genotypic differences in mouse activity under unusually varied circumstances

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