Early events during human coronavirus OC43 entry to the cell

Abstract

The Coronaviridae family clusters a number of large RNA viruses, which share several structural and functional features. However, members of this family recognize different cellular receptors and exploit different entry routes, what affects their species specificity and virulence. The aim of this study was to determine how human coronavirus OC43 enters the susceptible cell. Using confocal microscopy and molecular biology tools we visualized early events during infection. We found that the virus employs caveolin-1 dependent endocytosis for the entry and the scission of virus-containing vesicles from the cell surface is dynamin-dependent. Furthermore, the vesicle internalization process requires actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. With our research we strove to broaden the understanding of the infection process, which in future may be beneficial for the development of a potential therapeutics.

Recent discovery and development of inhibitors targeting coronaviruses

“…HCoV-OC43 remains incessantly one of the most important etiological factors for respiratory tract diseases in humans. Recently, it was found that HCoV-OC43 employs caveolin-1 dependent endocytosis for the entry [158]. Subsequently, cholesterol-binding or depleting agents such as nystatin (104, Fig.…”

EMCV Replication in BHK-21 in Vitro is Mediated by Caveolin-1, Actin, Dynamin-Dependent Endocytic Pathway

“…Caveolin-1 is a main structural protein of caveolae and correlated with many viruses to internalize into host cells [34]. In order to explore whether EMCV used caveolin-1 during its infection, the expression of caveolin-1 during EMCV infection was investigated.…”

Canine respiratory coronavirus employs caveolin-1-mediated pathway for internalization to HRT-18G cells

“…HCoV-229E Alpha pH dependent endocytosis Caco-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma), MRC-5 (human lungs) [59] Caveolin-dependent endocytosis, lipid raft mediated Human primary fibroblasts, L132 (human embryonic lung cell line) [15] Endocytosis-laboratory strains, membrane fusion-clinical isolates HeLa-229 (human cervix), HAE (human airway epithelium) [18] Membrane fusion HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney), Caco-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma) [16] HCoV-NL63 Alpha Clathrin-dependent endocytosis LLC-MK2 (rhesus monkey kidney) HAE (human airway epithelium) [60] Feline infectious peritonitis Alpha Clathrin-and caveolin-independent endocytosis Primary feline monocytes [14] Transmissible gastroenteritis virus Alpha Lipid raft mediated ST (swine testicles) [61] Canine enteric Coronavirus Alpha Lipid raft mediated A72 (canine fibroma) [62] Mouse hepatitis virus Beta Cell membrane fusion Mouse 3T3-L2 fibroblast [63] pH dependent endocytosis Murine fibroblast [64] Lipid raft mediated DBT cells (mouse astrocytoma) [65] SARS-CoV Beta Clathrin-dependent endocytosis HepG2 (human hepatoma) [13] Membrane fusion Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney) [66] Lipid raft mediated Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney) [11] Clathrin-and caveolin-independent endocytosis HEK 293E (human embryonic kidney) , Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney) [12] Membrane fusion Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney), HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney) [67] MERS-CoV Beta Virus-cell fusion HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney), Caco-2 (human colon adenocarcinoma) [17] HCoV-OC43 Beta Caveolin-dependent endocytosis HCT-8 (human adenocarcinoma) [68] Avian infectious bronchitis virus Gamma Low-pH-dependent virus-cell fusion BHK (hamster kidney) [69] Lipid raft mediated Vero (African green monkey kidney) [70] caveolin-1-mediated endocytosis to enter host cells. Moreover, we showed that fusion with the host membrane occurs early after internalization.…”