Early diagnosis of breast and ovarian cancers by body fluids circulating tumor-derived exosomes

Abstract

Exosomes (EXs) are small extracellular vesicles, a size range of 40-100 nm in diameter, actively secreted by most eukaryotic cells into surrounding body fluids like blood, saliva, urine, bile, breast milk and etc. These endosomal-derived vesicles mediate cell–cell communication between various cell populations through transmitting different signaling molecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and participate in a wide range of physiological and pathological body processes. Tumor-derived EXs (TDEs) are vehicles for intercellular communications by transferring bioactive molecules; they deliver oncogenic molecules and contain different molecular cargoes compared to EXs delivered from normal cells, therefore, they can be used as non-invasive invaluable biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of most cancers, including breast and ovarian cancers. Their presence and stability in different types of body fluids highlight them as a suitable diagnostic biomarker for distinguishing various cancer stages. In addition, EXs can predict the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy agents and drug resistance in cancer cells, as well as determine the risk of metastasis in different disease stages. In this study, the recent literature on the potential role of TDEs in the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian and breast cancers is summarized, and then exosome isolation techniques including traditional and new approaches are briefly discussed.

A Comprehensive Review on Factors Influences Biogenesis, Functions, Therapeutic and Clinical Implications of Exosomes

“…They can therefore be used as non-invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of most cancers, including breast and ovarian cancers. 127 Exosomes released by ER-stressed HepG2 cells significantly enhance the expression levels of several cytokines, including IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophages. ER stress-associated exosomes mediate macrophage cytokine secretion in the liver cancer microenvironment, and also indicate the potential of treating liver cancer via an ER stress-exosomal-STAT3 pathway.…”

Current Search through Liquid Biopsy of Effective Biomarkers for Early Cancer Diagnosis into the Rich Cargoes of Extracellular Vesicles

“…Concerning BC, two recent studies involved exosomes. Norouzi-Barough et al [ 49 ] summarized the recent literature on the potential role of tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) in cancer progression and the many circulating exosomal biomarkers already suggested as candidates for non-invasive liquid biopsy diagnosis of breast cancer. You et al [ 50 ] claimed the potential of label-free optical imaging of EVs in live cells for clinical applications.…”

“…Three recent reviews were devoted to liquid biopsies for ovarian cancer diagnosis [ 49 , 89 , 90 ]. Chang et al [ 89 ] discussed the growing popularity of liquid biopsy versus tissue biopsy and the advantages of EVs for liquid biopsy, when compared to CTCs and ctDNA.…”

“…Interestingly, the increased levels of miR-200b and miR-200c were also significantly correlated with the CA125 biomarker levels. Lastly, Norouzi-Barough et al [ 49 ] questioned the potential of circulating tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) in the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian and breast cancers. Concerning ovarian cancer, they performed a very interesting analysis of six studies involved in exosomal protein profiling (from 2009 to 2016) and of six other studies concerned with the identification of exosomal micro RNAs (from 2008 to 2016).…”

Circulating tumor cells can predict the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer after resection: a retrospective study

“…As CTCs carry all the genomic information of a patient's tumor burden, they have great clinical significance in the diagnosis, treatment, and detection of tumors (13)(14)(15). Existing studies have shown that CTC count is a powerful prognostic indicator in many cancers, including lung cancer (16).…”