Early Development of the Echinoid Egg Compared With Erythropoiesis*

Borsook, Henry

doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1966.tb01493.x

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…The several sequential maturation stages of the definitive erythroid cells include: the proerythroblast; basophilic erythroblast; early, mid, and late polychromatophilic erythroblasts; reticulocyte; and mature definitive cells (Dawson 1936;Fennel 1947;Lucas & Jamroz 1961;Cameron & Prescott 1963;Cameron & Kastberg 1969;Small 1969). The maturation stages of the definitive cells are similar to those described for foetal rabbit liver erythroid cells (Grasso, Woodward & Swift 1963), rabbit bone marrow cells (Borsook 1966), foetal mouse liver definitive erythroid cells (Rifkind etat. 1968 b ) ,a dult mouse spleen and bone marrow erythro & Bernstein 1966), and human bone marrow cells (Wintrobe 1956).…”

Section: (E) Erythropoiesis During Development Of the Chick Embryo (I) Sites Of Erythropoiesissupporting

confidence: 68%

“…simultaneously present in erythropoietic tissues or in peripheral blood and the size of the ery throid precursors is correlated with their maturation stage, the smaller cells being more mature than the large immature precursors (Wintrobe 1956;Lucas & Jamroz 1961;Russell & Berntein 1966;Borsook 1966). However, during primitive cell erythropoiesis in the chick embryo, at each time point studied several sizes of primitive cells are observed but cells of quite different size appear to be at the same stage of maturation as judged by morphological criteria (figure 11, plate 27).…”

Section: (A) Maturation Of Primitive Erythroid Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The erythroid cells and haemoglobins of the chick embryo

Bruns

Ingram

1973

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

186

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The changes in the types of erythroid cells produced during embryogenesis of the chick have been correlated with the changes in the types of haemoglobins found in the embryo. Primitive erythroid cells constitute the only red blood cells of 2- to 5-day embryos. The first recognizable immature definitive erythroid cells appear in the embryonic circulation at 5 to 6 days and progressively replace the primitive cells, such that by 14 to 16 days the primitive cells constitute less than 1 % of the circulating erythroid cells. Primitive erythropoiesis is strikingly different from definitive erythropoiesis. At any one time point between 2 and 16 days, all of the isolated primitive cells appear, by morphological criteria, to be at the same stage of maturation, and, although variation in cell size is observed, for an individual maturation stage, the small cells are not more mature than the medium-size cells, nor are the large cells less mature than the medium or small cells. Maturing primitive erythroid cells undergo the progressive changes in cell structure characteristic of erythroid maturation in mammalian erythropoietic systems, but do so as a uniform cell population. Haemoglobin, isolated from primitive erythroid cells of 2- to 5-day embryos, shows two components on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, haemoglobin E and haemoglobin P. The haemoglobin E/P ratio is constant in lysates from 2- to 5-day embryos. A t 6 to 7 days when the first haemoglobinized immature definitive erythroid cells appear in the embryonic circulation, two new haemoglobin components are observed in lysates of erythroid cells. These two new haemoglobin components are electrophoretically and immunologically identical to the two haemoglobin components of adult chickens, haemoglobins A and D. As the definitive erythroid cells replace the primitive erythrocytes in the embryonic circulation, the haemoglobins A and D increase in amount and replace haemoglobin P. Haemoglobin P cannot be detected immunologically in erythroid cell lysates from 16-day embryos which contain less than 1 % primitive cells. In erythroid cell lysates from late embryos, which contained few, if any, primitive erythrocytes, a minor haemoglobin, electrophoretically similar to haemoglobin E on pH 10.3 polyacrylamide gels, is consistently observed. This component differs from haemoglobin E on pH 8.9 polyacrylmide gels, on Sephadex G-100 columns, on polyacrylamide gels of different porosities, and shows a reaction of only partial identity with haemoglobin E by two-dimensional immunodiffusion. This haemoglobin component, haemoglobin H, is detectable electrophoretically in lysates from 12-day embryos and immunologically in lysates from 8-day embryos. Haemoglobin H has not been observed in adult chickens. The switch from the production of primitive to definitive erythroid cells during development of the chick embryo is associated with the initiation of synthesis of three new haemoglobins, the two adult haemoglobins and haemoglobin H. The haemoglobin D /A ratio of adult chicken haemoglobin, determined from the ratio of gel scan peak masses, is 0.30. When haemoglobins D and A first appear in erythroid cell lysates from 6- to 7-day embryos, the haemoglobin D /A ratio is about 0.9. T he D/A ratio of lysates falls to 0.5 by 16 to 18 days, a time when 99 % of the erythroid cells of the embryo are mature definitive erythrocytes. However, the haemoglobin D /A ratio of lysates from late embryos and young chicks of 0.5 to 20 days of age is consistently greater than that of adult chicken haemoglobin. Definitive erythrocytes of chick embryos and young chicks appear to differ from definitive cells of adult chickens in at least two ways: the presence of haemoglobin H and the higher haemoglobin D/A ratio.

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Section: (E) Erythropoiesis During Development Of the Chick Embryo (I) Sites Of Erythropoiesissupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: (A) Maturation Of Primitive Erythroid Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The erythroid cells and haemoglobins of the chick embryo

Bruns

Ingram

1973

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

186

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“…Animals repeatedly injected with phenylhydrazine become severely anaemic and reticulocytes may become the only circulating red blood cell. Such cells are of excessive size, a possible consequence of skipped divisions during erythroid cell proliferation in the bone marrow (Stohlman, 1962;Borsook, 1966), and are a highly heterogeneous cell population (Miller & Maunsbach, 1966). Some of these cells may have a shortened life-span (Millette & Glowacki, 1964).…”

Section: Rat Red Blood Cell Maturation Pattern In Phenylhydrazine-injmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Membrane Surface Properties during Maturation of Rat Reticulocytes Elicited by Bleeding as Measured by Partition in Two‐Polymer Aqueous Phases

1975

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Partition of cells in two-polymer aqueous phases is an extremely sensitive method for the separation of cells and for tracing subtle changes in the cells' membrane surface properties (primarily surface charge) as a function of in vivo processes (e.g. differentiation, maturation, ageing). Combining isotope labelling and cell countercurrent distribution techniques we have examined the membrane surface properties of rat reticulocytes produced in response to erythroid stress by bleeding. It was found that the rapid increase in the partition coefficient of normal reticulocytes subsequent to release into the peripheral blood (which reflects a rapid increase in membrane surface charge) is absent in reticulocytes produced in response to bleeding. In this way the reticulocytes behave like those produced in response to repeated phenylhydrazine injections. 'Stress reticulocytes' never mature to erythrocytes having normal membrane surface properties as judged by partition. The experiments show that our previous results are not due to the phenylhydrazine per se but rather to the production of 'stress reticulocytes'. Further, if remodelling of the phlebotomy-induced reticulocyte cell membrane occurs in the circulation as has been suggested it does not lead to a cell with normal membrane surface properties. Whether the abnormal membrane surface properties of 'stress reticulocytes' and of the erythrocytes to which they give rise affect the cells' life-span is not clear since phenylhydrazine-induced 'stress reticulocytes' have been reported to have at least a component of short-lived cells while the phlebotomy-induced cells are said to have a virtually normal life-span. It is likely that reticulocytes produced in severe anaemias, in general, mature to erythrocytes having abnormal surface properties (i.e. lower membrane surface charge).

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“…In studying the changes in gene expression underlying such cell development, one of the most significant and easily observable events is the initiation of haemoglobin synthesis which occurs either in the basophilic or early polychromatic erythroblasts [1,2]. At present there is some debate over the cell stage at which messenger RNA for globin is first transcribed, and there is evidence for a lag between transcription and translation [3,4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diflerentiation of the erythroid cell line of rabbit bone marrow is characterised by a series of cell divisions from a large nucleated precursor cell to a highly specialised anucleate cell consisting mainly of haemoglobin [l]. In studying the changes in gene expression underlying such cell development, one of the most significant and easily observable events is the initiation of haemoglobin synthesis which occurs either in the basophilic or early polychromatic erythroblasts [1,2]. At present there is some debate over the cell stage at which messenger RNA for globin is first transcribed, and there is evidence for a lag between transcription and translation [3,4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Initiation of Globin Synthesis in Differentiating Rabbit‐Bone‐Marrow Erythroid Cells

Stewart

Clissold

Arnstein

1976

European Journal of Biochemistry

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At a particular stage of erythropoiesis, the immature erythroid cell commences synthesis of the messenger RNA for globin. Experiments were performed to determine whether this mRNA is immediately translated into globin or whether there is any substantial delay and accumulation of mRNA awaiting a further stage of differentiation. Rabbit bone marrow erythroid cells were separated according to their degree of maturity by velocity sedimentation on a sucrose gradient. Their relative abilities to synthesise globin were measured by radioactive labelling in culture and the relative proportions of globin mRNA in cellular RNA were determined by hybridisation to DNA complementary to globin mRNA. The increasing ability to synthesise globin closely parallelled the concentration of globin mRNA at all stages of differentiation, thus suggesting that there is no significant delay between transcription and translation.

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Early Development of the Echinoid Egg Compared With Erythropoiesis*

Cited by 16 publications

References 104 publications

The erythroid cells and haemoglobins of the chick embryo

The erythroid cells and haemoglobins of the chick embryo

Abnormal Membrane Surface Properties during Maturation of Rat Reticulocytes Elicited by Bleeding as Measured by Partition in Two‐Polymer Aqueous Phases

The Initiation of Globin Synthesis in Differentiating Rabbit‐Bone‐Marrow Erythroid Cells

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