“…Drug‐abusing mothers have been found to show lower general EA with their 2‐ to 5‐month‐old infants than do demographically matched nonabusers (Fraser, Harris‐Britt, Thakkallapalli, Kurtz‐Costes, & Martin, 2010). They also are less sensitive in perceiving and responding to their infants' interactive signals (Fraser et al, 2010; Mayes et al, 1995; Rodning, Beckwith, & Howard, 1991; Salo et al, 2010) and in showing positive emotional expressiveness (Burns, Chetnik, Burns, & Clarke, 1991, 1997; Pajulo, Savonlahti, Sourander, Ahlqvist et al, 2001). Difficulties in structuring and guiding the child also are common (Blackwell, Lockman & Kaiser, 1999; Pajulo, Savonlahti, Sourander, Ahlqvist et al, 2001; Salo et al, 2010).…”